// For: https://forum.arduino.cc/t/toint-bug-how-unfortunate/1041669
//
// toInt reference:
//   https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/variables/data-types/string/functions/toint/
//   It returns a 'long', that is a signed long, 32 bits on a Arduino Uno
//
// If the return value of toInt is converted from long to unsigned long,
// it returns the right bits. That is awkward.

void setup() 
{
  Serial.begin(115200);

  unsigned long a = 0xFFFFFFFF;
  Serial.print( "a = ");
  Serial.print( a);                 // print as decimal
  Serial.print( " = 0x");
  Serial.println( a, HEX);          // print as hexadecimal

  String s = String(a);             // use as decimal number
  Serial.println( "s = \"" + s + "\"");

  long b = s.toInt();               // convert to binary
  Serial.print( "b = ");
  Serial.println( b);

  unsigned long c = (unsigned long) s.toInt(); // use it as unsigned
  Serial.print( "c = ");
  Serial.println( c);
}

void loop() {}