// File : Cascade165.ino
//
// Version 1, 5 August 2021, by Koepel
// Initial version.
// Version 2, 5 August 2021, by Koepel
// Layout of the wiring made better.
// Version 3, 13 August 2021, by Koepel
// Changed 'SCK' to 'clockPin'.
// Version 4, 14 Sep 2023, by Gabriel Balbuena
// Changed Arduino to ESP32
//
// Cascade of four 74HC165 shift-in registers.
// Only three pins are used on the ESP32 board, to read 32 switches.
//
// Using the 74HC165 is safe, because a pulse to the Latch pin
// ('PL' on the 74HC165) will make a new start every time.
// In case of an error or a wrong clock pulse by noise,
// it synchronizes the data when inputs are read the next time.
//
// Based on:
// (1)
// Demo sketch to read from a 74HC165 input shift register
// by Nick Gammon, https://www.gammon.com.au/forum/?id=11979
// (2)
// 74HC165 Shift register input example
// by Uri Shaked, https://wokwi.com/arduino/projects/306031380875182657
// Feature Toggles
const bool buzzerEnabled = true;
constexpr byte buzzer = 23; // D23
constexpr byte latchPin = 14; // D14 latch the inputs into the registers
constexpr byte clockPin = 13; // D13
constexpr byte dataPin = 12; // D12
// uint32_t oldOptionSwitch = 0; // previous state of all the inputs
uint64_t optionSwitch1 = 0;
uint64_t optionSwitch2 = 0;
uint64_t oldOptionSwitch1 = 0;
uint64_t oldOptionSwitch2 = 0;
const int pulseWidth = 10; // pulse width in microseconds
void setup () {
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println("Hello, ESP32!");
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
Serial.println("Turn on and off the switches");
Serial.println("Top row is switch 0 (right) to switch 7 (left)");
Serial.println("Second row is 8 to 15, and so on");
pinMode(clockPin, OUTPUT); // clock signal, idle LOW
pinMode(latchPin, OUTPUT); // latch (copy input into registers), idle HIGH
digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
}
void loop () {
// Give a pulse to the parallel load latch of all 74HC165
digitalWrite(latchPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);
digitalWrite(latchPin, HIGH);
// Reading one 74HC165 at a time and combining them into a 32 bit variable
// The last 74HC165 is at the bottom, but the switches start numbering
// at the top. So the first byte has to be shifted into the highest place.
// for( int i=32; i>=0; i-=8) { // uint32_t -> uint64 （5轮循环！没错读取8位 ）
// optionSwitch |= ((uint64_t) ReadOne165()) << i;
// }
optionSwitch1 = 0;
optionSwitch2 = 0;
// Read data from the shift registers
for (int i = 0; i < 72; i += 8) {
uint8_t byteValue = ReadOne165();
if (i < 64) {
optionSwitch1 |= ((uint64_t)byteValue << (56 - i));
} else {
optionSwitch2 |= ((uint64_t)byteValue << (72 - i - 8));
}
}
// for( int i = 0; i<40; i++) { // 32 -> 40
// if( bitRead( optionSwitch, i) != bitRead( oldOptionSwitch,i)) {
// Serial.print( "Switch ");
// if ( i < 10) {
// Serial.print( " ");
// }
// Serial.print(i);
// Serial.print(" is now ");
// // 为了简单的测试起见 直接只输出按下的状态
// if(bitRead( optionSwitch, i) == 0) {
// Serial.println("down ↓");
// }
// // Serial.println(bitRead( optionSwitch, i) == 0 ? "down ↓" : "up ↑");
// if (buzzerEnabled) {
// if (bitRead(optionSwitch, i) != 0) {
// play(i);
// } else {
// noTone(buzzer);
// }
// }
// }
// }
// Process changes in switch states
for (int i = 0; i < 72; i++) {
bool current = bitRead((i < 64 ? optionSwitch1 : optionSwitch2), (i % 64));
bool previous = bitRead((i < 64 ? oldOptionSwitch1 : oldOptionSwitch2), (i % 64));
if (current != previous) {
Serial.print("Switch ");
if (i < 10) {
Serial.print(" ");
}
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(" is now ");
if(current == 0) { // assuming 0 means 'down'
Serial.println("down ↓");
} else {
Serial.println("up ↑");
}
}
}
oldOptionSwitch1 = optionSwitch1;
oldOptionSwitch2 = optionSwitch2;
delay(25); // slow down the sketch to avoid switch bounce
}
// The ReadOne165() function reads only 8 bits,
// because of the similar functions shiftIn() and SPI.transfer()
// which both use 8 bits.
//
// The shiftIn() can not be used here, because the clock is set idle low
// and the shiftIn() makes the clock high to read a bit.
// The 74HC165 require to read the bit first and then give a clock pulse.
//
byte ReadOne165() {
byte ret = 0x00;
// The first one that is read is the highest bit (input D7 of the 74HC165).
for( int i=7; i>=0; i--) {
if( digitalRead( dataPin) == HIGH) {
bitSet( ret, i);
}
digitalWrite(clockPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(pulseWidth);
digitalWrite(clockPin, LOW);
}
return( ret);
}
#define NOTE_B0 31
#define NOTE_C1 33
#define NOTE_CS1 35
#define NOTE_D1 37
#define NOTE_DS1 39
#define NOTE_E1 41
#define NOTE_F1 44
#define NOTE_FS1 46
#define NOTE_G1 49
#define NOTE_GS1 52
#define NOTE_A1 55
#define NOTE_AS1 58
#define NOTE_B1 62
#define NOTE_C2 65
#define NOTE_CS2 69
#define NOTE_D2 73
#define NOTE_DS2 78
#define NOTE_E2 82
#define NOTE_F2 87
#define NOTE_FS2 93
#define NOTE_G2 98
#define NOTE_GS2 104
#define NOTE_A2 110
#define NOTE_AS2 117
#define NOTE_B2 123
#define NOTE_C3 131
#define NOTE_CS3 139
#define NOTE_D3 147
#define NOTE_DS3 156
#define NOTE_E3 165
#define NOTE_F3 175
#define NOTE_FS3 185
#define NOTE_G3 196
#define NOTE_GS3 208
#define NOTE_A3 220
#define NOTE_AS3 233
#define NOTE_B3 247
#define NOTE_C4 262
#define NOTE_CS4 277
#define NOTE_D4 294
#define NOTE_DS4 311
#define NOTE_E4 330
#define NOTE_F4 349
#define NOTE_FS4 370
#define NOTE_G4 392
#define NOTE_GS4 415
#define NOTE_A4 440
#define NOTE_AS4 466
#define NOTE_B4 494
#define NOTE_C5 523
#define NOTE_CS5 554
#define NOTE_D5 587
#define NOTE_DS5 622
#define NOTE_E5 659
#define NOTE_F5 698
#define NOTE_FS5 740
#define NOTE_G5 784
#define NOTE_GS5 831
#define NOTE_A5 880
#define NOTE_AS5 932
#define NOTE_B5 988
#define NOTE_C6 1047
#define NOTE_CS6 1109
#define NOTE_D6 1175
#define NOTE_DS6 1245
#define NOTE_E6 1319
#define NOTE_F6 1397
#define NOTE_FS6 1480
#define NOTE_G6 1568
#define NOTE_GS6 1661
#define NOTE_A6 1760
#define NOTE_AS6 1865
#define NOTE_B6 1976
#define NOTE_C7 2093
#define NOTE_CS7 2217
#define NOTE_D7 2349
#define NOTE_DS7 2489
#define NOTE_E7 2637
#define NOTE_F7 2794
#define NOTE_FS7 2960
#define NOTE_G7 3136
#define NOTE_GS7 3322
#define NOTE_A7 3520
#define NOTE_AS7 3729
#define NOTE_B7 3951
#define NOTE_C8 4186
#define NOTE_CS8 4435
#define NOTE_D8 4699
#define NOTE_DS8 4978
#define NOTE_E8 5274
#define NOTE_F8 5588
#define NOTE_FS8 5920
#define NOTE_G8 6272
#define NOTE_GS8 6645
#define NOTE_A8 7040
#define NOTE_AS8 7459
#define NOTE_B8 7902
// Assuming a 31-button accordion
// #define BUTTON_COUNT 31
#define BUTTON_COUNT 72 // 改31 -> 40
typedef struct {
int pushTone;
int pullTone;
int buttonId; // Optionally, if you want to store button ID in the struct
} Button;
// Create an array of Button objects to represent the accordion's layout
Button FINGER_LAYOUT[BUTTON_COUNT] = {
// G Row (10 buttons)
{ NOTE_G3, NOTE_B3, 1 },
{ NOTE_A3, NOTE_C4, 2 },
{ NOTE_B3, NOTE_D4, 3 },
{ NOTE_C4, NOTE_E4, 4 },
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 5 },
{ NOTE_E4, NOTE_G4, 6 },
{ NOTE_F4, NOTE_A4, 7 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 8 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 9 },
{ NOTE_B4, NOTE_D5, 10 },
// C Row (11 buttons)
{ NOTE_C4, NOTE_E4, 11 },
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 12 },
{ NOTE_E4, NOTE_G4, 13 },
{ NOTE_F4, NOTE_A4, 14 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 15 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 16 },
{ NOTE_B4, NOTE_D5, 17 },
{ NOTE_C5, NOTE_E5, 18 },
{ NOTE_D5, NOTE_F5, 19 },
{ NOTE_E5, NOTE_G5, 20 },
{ NOTE_F5, NOTE_A5, 21 },
// D Row (10 buttons)
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 22 },
{ NOTE_E4, NOTE_G4, 23 },
{ NOTE_F4, NOTE_A4, 24 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 25 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 26 },
{ NOTE_B4, NOTE_D5, 27 },
{ NOTE_C5, NOTE_E5, 28 },
{ NOTE_D5, NOTE_F5, 29 },
{ NOTE_E5, NOTE_G5, 30 },
{ NOTE_F5, NOTE_A5, 31 },
// D1 Row (10 buttons)
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 32 },
{ NOTE_E4, NOTE_G4, 33 },
{ NOTE_F4, NOTE_A4, 34 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 35 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 36 },
{ NOTE_B4, NOTE_D5, 37 },
{ NOTE_C5, NOTE_E5, 38 },
{ NOTE_D5, NOTE_F5, 39 },
{ NOTE_E5, NOTE_G5, 40 },
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 41 },
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 42 },
{ NOTE_E4, NOTE_G4, 43 },
{ NOTE_F4, NOTE_A4, 44 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 45 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 46 },
{ NOTE_B4, NOTE_D5, 47 },
{ NOTE_C5, NOTE_E5, 48 },
{ NOTE_D5, NOTE_F5, 49 },
{ NOTE_E5, NOTE_G5, 50 },
{ NOTE_E5, NOTE_G5, 51 },
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 52 },
{ NOTE_E4, NOTE_G4, 53 },
{ NOTE_F4, NOTE_A4, 54 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 55 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 56 },
{ NOTE_B4, NOTE_D5, 57 },
{ NOTE_C5, NOTE_E5, 58 },
{ NOTE_D5, NOTE_F5, 59 },
{ NOTE_E5, NOTE_G5, 60 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 61 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 61 },
{ NOTE_B4, NOTE_D5, 63 },
{ NOTE_C5, NOTE_E5, 64 },
{ NOTE_D5, NOTE_F5, 65 },
{ NOTE_C4, NOTE_E4, 67 },
{ NOTE_D4, NOTE_F4, 68 },
{ NOTE_E4, NOTE_G4, 69 },
{ NOTE_F4, NOTE_A4, 70 },
{ NOTE_G4, NOTE_B4, 71 },
{ NOTE_A4, NOTE_C5, 72 }
};
void play(int16_t btnId) {
int freq = FINGER_LAYOUT[btnId].pullTone;
tone(buzzer, freq);
}