import time
time.sleep(0.1) # Wait for USB to become ready

print("Hello, Pi Pico!")
import random
import os
from Game import Game
from LightSequence import LightSequence
from Button import Button
from Buzzer import PassiveBuzzer
from LightStrip import LightStrip
from LevelDisplay import LCDLevel
# from machine import Pin

# Seed the random number generator with os.urandom
seed_value = int.from_bytes(os.urandom(8), 'big')
random.seed(seed_value)
print (seed_value)
print(f"Random number generator seeded with: {seed_value}")

# Initialize components
button_pins = [6, 3, 4, 5]  # Example GPIO pins for buttons
button_colors = ['Red', 'White', 'Yellow', 'Blue']
buttons = [Button(pin, color) for pin, color in zip(button_pins, button_colors)]

buzzer_pin = 15  # Example GPIO pin for the buzzer
buzzer = PassiveBuzzer(buzzer_pin)

light_strip_pin = 2  # Updated GPIO pin for the light strip
num_leds = 16  # Example number of LEDs in the light strip
light_strip = LightStrip(pin=light_strip_pin, numleds=num_leds)

# Update I2C display pins
sda_pin = 0
scl_pin = 1
display = LCDLevel(sda=sda_pin, scl=scl_pin, i2cid=0)

# Create the game instance
game = Game(buttons=buttons, buzzer=buzzer, light_strip=light_strip, display=display)

# Start the game automatically
game.start()

# Main loop
while True:
    game.update()
    time.sleep(0.1)


main.py

diagram.json

"""
# Button.py - Object-Oriented implementation of a Button
# Also added a simple implementation of a single analog Joystick
# Author: Arijit Sengupta
"""

from machine import Pin, ADC
import time
from Log import *

class Button:
    """
    A simple Button class
    Create the button using Button(pinnumber, name, handler)
    handler is typically self, and create two methods buttonPressed and buttonReleased
    to handle the push and release of the button.
    The name of the button will be passed back to the handler to identify
    which button was pressed/released
    """
    
    def __init__(self, pin, name, *, buttonhandler=None, lowActive=True):
        self._pinNo = pin
        self._name = name
        Log.i(f'Button constructor: create button {name} at pin {pin}')
        if lowActive:
            self._pin = Pin(pin, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP)
        else:
            self._pin = Pin(pin, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_DOWN)
        self._debounce_time = 0
        self._lowActive = lowActive
        self._lastStatus = None
        self._buttonhandler = buttonhandler
        self._pin.irq(trigger = Pin.IRQ_FALLING | Pin.IRQ_RISING, handler = self._callback)

    def isPressed(self):
        """ Check if the button is pressed or not - useful if polling """
        
        return (self._lowActive and self._pin.value() ==0) or (not self._lowActive and self._pin.value() == 1)
    
    def setHandler(self, buttonhandler):
        """ A class that has buttonPressed(name) and buttonReleased(name) methods """
        
        self._buttonhandler = buttonhandler
        
    def _callback(self, pin):
        """ The private interrupt handler - will call appropriate handlers """
        
        t = time.ticks_ms()
        v = self._pin.value()
        if ((self._lastStatus == None or self._lastStatus != v) and t-self._debounce_time) > 50:
            self._debounce_time=t
            self._lastStatus = v
            if self._buttonhandler is not None:
                if self.isPressed():
                    self._buttonhandler.buttonPressed(self._name)
                else:
                    self._buttonhandler.buttonReleased(self._name)
        #self._debounce_time=t

class Joystick(Button):
    """
    A joystick is technically more than a Button, but this is an example
    of using a subclass to inherit some functionality, and adding other
    functions as needed. 

    So we implement a Joystick as a subclass of a button, with the internal
    button inherited from the Button class, and the horizontal and vertical
    axes implemented as ADC pin implementations. 

    Interestingly, we may have looked into AnalogSensor as well, but there is
    no tripping of a Joystick so we don't need that.
    """
    
    # Some constants to store some basic conditions
    LOW = 0
    HIGH = 65535
    MID = 32760

    # Joystick status codes
    CENTER = 0
    UP = 1
    DOWN = 2
    LEFT = 3
    RIGHT = 4
    MOVING = 5
    
    # Status text
    statuscodes = ['Center', 'Up', 'Down', 'Left', 'Right', 'Moving']

    def __init__(self, vpin, hpin, swpin, name, *, buttonhandler=None, delta=1000):
        # Let the superclass handle all button functionality
        super().__init__(swpin, name, buttonhandler=buttonhandler, lowActive=True)
        Log.i(f'Joystick constructor: create joystick at v:{vpin}, h:{hpin}')

        # H and V axis pins must be standard ADC supporting
        if vpin <26 or vpin > 28 or hpin < 26 or hpin > 28:
            raise ValueError("Joystick Error: must connect v/h to ADC pins")

        self._v = ADC(vpin)
        self._h = ADC(hpin)
        self._delta = delta

    def getData(self):
        """
        A simple method to return the x and y values
        """

        return (self._h.read_u16(), self._v.read_u16())

    def getStatusCode(self):
        """
        Return the status code of the joystick
        0 - center, 1 left 2 right 3 up 4 down
        5 if it is not quite in any distinct position
        """

        (x,y) = self.getData()

        if x < self.LOW + self._delta:
            return self.RIGHT
        if x > self.HIGH - self._delta:
            return self.LEFT
        if y < self.LOW + self._delta:
            return self.DOWN
        if y > self.HIGH - self._delta:
            return self.UP
        if x > self.MID - self._delta and x < self.MID + self._delta and y > self.MID - self._delta and y < self.MID + self._delta:
            return self.CENTER
        return self.MOVING

    def getStatus(self):
        """
        Get the status of the joystick in text
        center, left, right, up, down, moving
        """
    
        return Joystick.statuscodes[self.getStatusCode()]


Button.py

"""
# Buzzer.py - Object-oriented implementation of active and passive buzzers
# Author: Arijit Sengupta
"""

import time
from machine import Pin, PWM
from Log import *

class Buzzer:
    """
    A simple buzzer class - use it to play and pause different sounds
    ranging from fequencies 10 through 10000
    default volume is half volume - set it between 0 and 10
    """ 
    
    def beep(self, tone=500, duration=150):
        Log.i(f"Beeping the buzzer at {tone}hz for {duration} ms")
        self.play(tone)
        time.sleep(duration / 1000)
        self.stop()
    
class ActiveBuzzer(Buzzer):
    """
    An active buzzer has an internal oscillator that plays a fixed tone when power is applied
    Cannot control the tone. Only turn on and off.
    """
    
    def __init__(self, pin):
        self._buz = Pin(pin, Pin.OUT)
   
    def play(self, tone=500):
        """ Play sound. Tone is ignored. """
        
        self._buz.value(1)
        
    def stop(self):
        """ Stop the sound. """
        
        self._buz.value(0)
    
class PassiveBuzzer(Buzzer):
    """
    A passive buzzer does not have an internal oscillator. MC needs to send a PWM signal
    to play tones. The tone is controlled by the frequency of the PWM, and the volume level
    is controlled by the duty cycle. Setting duty cycle to 0 stops sound.
    """
    
    def __init__(self, pin):
        Log.i("PassiveBuzzer: constructor")
        self._buz = PWM(Pin(pin))
        self._volume = 5
        self._playing = False
        self.stop()

    def play(self, tone=500):
        """ play the supplied tone. """
        
        Log.i(f"PassiveBuzzer: playing tone {tone}")
        self._buz.freq(tone)
        self._buz.duty_u16(self._volume * 100)
        self._playing = True

    def stop(self):
        """ Stop playing sound """
        
        Log.i("PassiveBuzzer: stopping tone")
        self._buz.duty_u16(0)
        self._playing = False

    def setVolume(self, volume=5):
        """ Change the volume of the sound currently playing and future plays """
        
        Log.i(f"PassiveBuzzer: changing volume to {volume}")
        self._volume = volume
        if (self._playing):
            self._buz.duty_u16(self._volume * 100)

# Known tones from https://github.com/james1236/buzzer_music
tones = {
    'C0':16,
    'C#0':17,
    'D0':18,
    'D#0':19,
    'E0':21,
    'F0':22,
    'F#0':23,
    'G0':24,
    'G#0':26,
    'A0':28,
    'A#0':29,
    'B0':31,
    'C1':33,
    'C#1':35,
    'D1':37,
    'D#1':39,
    'E1':41,
    'F1':44,
    'F#1':46,
    'G1':49,
    'G#1':52,
    'A1':55,
    'A#1':58,
    'B1':62,
    'C2':65,
    'C#2':69,
    'D2':73,
    'D#2':78,
    'E2':82,
    'F2':87,
    'F#2':92,
    'G2':98,
    'G#2':104,
    'A2':110,
    'A#2':117,
    'B2':123,
    'C3':131,
    'C#3':139,
    'D3':147,
    'D#3':156,
    'E3':165,
    'F3':175,
    'F#3':185,
    'G3':196,
    'G#3':208,
    'A3':220,
    'A#3':233,
    'B3':247,
    'C4':262,
    'C#4':277,
    'D4':294,
    'D#4':311,
    'E4':330,
    'F4':349,
    'F#4':370,
    'G4':392,
    'G#4':415,
    'A4':440,
    'A#4':466,
    'B4':494,
    'C5':523,
    'C#5':554,
    'D5':587,
    'D#5':622,
    'E5':659,
    'F5':698,
    'F#5':740,
    'G5':784,
    'G#5':831,
    'A5':880,
    'A#5':932,
    'B5':988,
    'C6':1047,
    'C#6':1109,
    'D6':1175,
    'D#6':1245,
    'E6':1319,
    'F6':1397,
    'F#6':1480,
    'G6':1568,
    'G#6':1661,
    'A6':1760,
    'A#6':1865,
    'B6':1976,
    'C7':2093,
    'C#7':2217,
    'D7':2349,
    'D#7':2489,
    'E7':2637,
    'F7':2794,
    'F#7':2960,
    'G7':3136,
    'G#7':3322,
    'A7':3520,
    'A#7':3729,
    'B7':3951,
    'C8':4186,
    'C#8':4435,
    'D8':4699,
    'D#8':4978,
    'E8':5274,
    'F8':5588,
    'F#8':5920,
    'G8':6272,
    'G#8':6645,
    'A8':7040,
    'A#8':7459,
    'B8':7902,
    'C9':8372,
    'C#9':8870,
    'D9':9397,
    'D#9':9956,
    'E9':10548,
    'F9':11175,
    'F#9':11840,
    'G9':12544,
    'G#9':13290,
    'A9':14080,
    'A#9':14917,
    'B9':15804
}

# Some basic do re mi tones
DO = tones['C4']
RE = tones['D4']
MI = tones['E4']
FA = tones['F4']
SO = tones['G4']
LA = tones['A4']
TI = tones['B4']
DO2 = tones['C5']


Buzzer.py

"""
# Displays.py
# A collection of various text-based displays
# Currently supports 4-digit seven-segment displays - both with a tm1637 backpack
# and without (using PIO)
# And also LCD 1602 displays - both using an i2c backpack as well as GPIO
# Only supports number and basic text displays - PIO 7 seg only supports number
# Author: Arijit Sengupta
"""

from machine import Pin, I2C, SPI
import rp2
import time
from Log import *
from rp2 import PIO
import tm1637
from gpio_lcd import *
from pico_i2c_lcd import I2cLcd
import max7219

class Display:
    """
    The Display Base class - might not actually be needed
    But here to ensure we do not have a duckTyping problem
    """

    def reset(self):
        Log.e(f"reset NOT IMPLEMENTED in {type(self).__name__}")
        
    def clear(self):
        self.reset()

    def showNumber(self, number):
        Log.e(f"showNumber NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}")

    def showText(self, text):
        Log.e(f"showText NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}")

    def scroll(self, text, speed=250):
        Log.e(f"Scroll NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}")


class SevenSegmentDisplay(Display):
    """
    Seven Segment Display class - implements a 4-digit seven segment display
    Decimal points not supported - colon can be used when showing two numbers
    """

    def __init__(self, clk=16, dio=17):
        self._tm = tm1637.TM1637(clk=Pin(clk), dio=Pin(dio))

    def reset(self):
        """ clear the display screen  """
        
        self._tm.write([0, 0, 0, 0])

    def showNumber(self, number):
        """ show a single number """
        
        self._tm.number(number)

    def showNumbers(self, num1, num2, colon=True):
        """  Show two numbers optionally separated by a colon by default, the colon is shown """
        
        self._tm.numbers(num1, num2, colon)

    def showText(self, text):
        """
        Show a string - only first 4 characters will be shown
        for anything bigger than 4 characters.
        """
        
        self._tm.show(text)

    def scroll(self, text, speed=250):
        """
        Scroll a longer text - note that this will use a sleep
        call to pause between movements.
        """
        
        self._tm.scroll(text, speed)

class LCDDisplay(Display):
    """
    LCD Display class - currently supports displays with an I2C backpack
    as well as displays directly driven via the d4-d7 pins
    
    Parameters
    --------
    This is important since Python does not have method overloading, we have one init
    to do both parallel as well as i2c displays
    pass rs, e, d4, d5, d6, d7 pin numbers for parallel displays
    
    pass sda, scl, i2cid for i2c displays - default is to use parallel so must pass sda/scl/i2cid
    if using i2c
    
    To connect the display to I2C 0 on GPIO pins 0,1
    usage: LCDDisplay(sda=0, scl=1, i2cid=0)
    
    To connect the display to I2C ID 1 on GPIO pins 2,3
    usage: LCDDisplay(sda=2, scl=3, i2cid=1)
    
    To connect via parallel with rs on pin 5, e on pin 4
    and d4,d5,d6,d7 to pins 3,2,1 and 0:
    usage:  LCDDisplay()  # yeah those are the default so you don't need to send
    usage: LCDDisplay(rs=5, e=4, d4=3, d5=2, d6=1, d7=0) # preferred - you can see how its hooked up
    
    """
    
class LCDDisplay:
    def __init__(self, sda, scl, i2cid):
        Log.i("LCDDisplay (I2C) Constructor")
        i2c = I2C(i2cid, sda=Pin(sda), scl=Pin(scl), freq=400000)
        try:
            I2C_ADDR = i2c.scan()[0]
            self._lcd = I2cLcd(i2c, I2C_ADDR, 2, 16)
        except:
            raise ValueError('Could not connect to display - check wiring.')
        self._working = False

    def reset(self):
        self._lcd.clear()
        self._working = False

    def showNumber(self, number, row=0, col=0):
        if self._working:
            Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy")
            return
        self._working = True
        self._lcd.move_to(col, row)
        self._lcd.putstr(f"{number}")
        self._working = False

    def showText(self, text, row=0, col=0):
        if self._working:
            Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy")
            return
        self._working = True
        self._lcd.move_to(col, row)
        self._lcd.putstr(text)
        self._working = False

    def addShape(self, position, shapearray):
        if position < 0 or position > 7:
            raise ValueError('Position must be between 0 and 7.')
        if len(shapearray) != 8:
            raise ValueError('Make sure array is exactly 8 bytes')
        self._lcd.custom_char(position, shapearray)

    def scroll(self, text, row=0, speed=100, skip=2):
        if self._working:
            Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy")
            return
        self._working = True
        for p in range(0, len(text) + skip, skip):
            curst = (text + ' ' * (16 + skip))[p:p + 16]
            for c in range(16, 0, -1):
                self._lcd.move_to(c - 1, row)
                self._lcd.putchar(curst[c - 1])
            time.sleep(speed / 1000)
        self._working = False

class DotMatrixDisplay(Display):
    """
    An implementation of the MAX7219 Dot Matrix display
    Fairly simplistic implementation - tested only with simulator so far 
    """

    def __init__(self, sck=18, mosi=19, cs=17):
        self._spi = SPI(0, baudrate=10000000, polarity=1, phase=0, sck=Pin(sck), mosi=Pin(mosi))
        # Create matrix display instant, which has four MAX7219 devices.
        self._dot = max7219.Matrix8x8(self._spi, Pin(cs, Pin.OUT), 4)
        self._dot.brightness(10)
        self.reset()

    def reset(self):
        #Clear the display.
        self._dot.fill(0)
        self._dot.show()

    def showNumber(self, number, row = 0, col = 0):
        self._dot.text(str(number), row, col, 1)
        self._dot.show()

    def showText(self, text, row = 0, col = 0):
        self._dot.text(text, row, col, 1)
        self._dot.show()

    def scroll(self, text, speed=50):
        #Get the message length
        length = len(text)
        column = (length * 8)
        for x in range(32, -column, -1):     
            #Clear the display
            self._dot.fill(0)
            # Write the scrolling text in to frame buffer
            self._dot.text(text,x,0,1)
            #Show the display
            self._dot.show()
      
            #Set the Scrolling speed. Here it is 50mS.
            time.sleep(speed/1000)

class MorseDisplay(Display):
    """
    This is a fun class - implement a Morse code display
    This can play the Morse code via a Buzzer, or show
    the code via a light, or even display it in another
    display.
    
    We need to make sure the other display is not another
    MorseDisplay though
    """
        
    def __init__(self, buz=None, light=None, otherDisplay=None):
        self._buz = buz
        self._light = light
        if isinstance(otherDisplay, OLEDDisplay) or isinstance(otherDisplay, LCDDisplay):
            self._dp = otherDisplay
        else:
            self._dp = None
            Log.e(f"Sorry, {type(otherDisplay).__name__} isn't supported")
        self._morsedict = {'A': '.-', 'B': '-...', 'C': '-.-.', 'D': '-..', 'E': '.', 'F': '..-.', 'G': '--.', 'H': '....',
            'I': '..', 'J': '.---', 'K': '-.-', 'L': '.-..', 'M': '--', 'N': '-.', 'O': '---', 'P': '.--.',
            'Q': '--.-', 'R': '.-.', 'S': '...', 'T': '-', 'U': '..-', 'V': '...-', 'W': '.--', 'X': '-..-',
            'Y': '-.--', 'Z': '--..', '0': '-----', '1': '.----', '2': '..---', '3': '...--', '4': '....-',
            '5': '.....', '6': '-....', '7': '--...', '8': '---..', '9': '----.'}

    def showNumber(self, number):
        """ Just convert the number to a string and show it """
        
        showText(self, str(number))

    def showText(self, text):
        """ Displaying a Morse decoded text on the buzzer, light and possibly display """
        
        morse = self._decodeText(text)
        if self._dp is not None:
            self._dp.showText(morse)
        # go through the string each character at a time
        for char in morse:
            # if the character is in our dictionary, then get the code
            if char == ".":
                self._displaydida(100)
            elif char == "-":
                self._displaydida(250)
            else:
                time.sleep_ms(250)
                    
    ####### Local private methods in MorseDisplay - should not be used from outside ####            
    def _decodeText(self, text):
        morse = []
        for char in text.upper():
            if char in self._morsedict:
                morse.append(self._morsedict[char])
            elif char.isspace():
                morse.append(' ')
        return " ".join(morse)
    
    def _displaydida(self, sleeptime):
        if self._buz is not None:
            self._buz.play()
        if self._light is not None:
            self._light.on()
        time.sleep_ms(sleeptime)
        if self._buz is not None:
            self._buz.stop()
        if self._light is not None:
            self._light.off()
        time.sleep_ms(100)

class SevenSegmentDisplayRaw(Display):
    """
    A Raw 7 segment display that uses RPi PIO along with internal StateMachine
    to poll 4 digits into the display. All digits are shown always so there will be
    leading zeros for numbers under 4 digits
    """
    
    def __init__(self, pinstart=2, digstart=10):
        self._digits = [
            0b11000000, # 0
            0b11111001, # 1
            0b10100100, # 2 
            0b10110000, # 3
            0b10011001, # 4
            0b10010010, # 5
            0b10000010, # 6
            0b11111000, # 7
            0b10000000, # 8
            0b10011000, # 9
            ]
        self._sm = rp2.StateMachine(0, sevseg, freq=2000, out_base=Pin(pinstart), sideset_base=Pin(digstart))
        self._sm.active(1)
  
    def _segmentize(self, num):
        return (
            self._digits[num % 10] | self._digits[num // 10 % 10] << 8
            | self._digits[num // 100 % 10] << 16 
            | self._digits[num // 1000 % 10] << 24 
        )

    def showNumber(self, n):
        self._sm.put(self._segmentize(n))
        
    def reset(self):
        self._sm.put(0xFFFFFFFF)

# Internals used by the PIO state machine
# THIS IS REQUIRED FOR THE SEVEN SEG RAW class
@rp2.asm_pio(out_init=[PIO.OUT_LOW]*8, sideset_init=[PIO.OUT_LOW]*4)
def sevseg():
    wrap_target()
    label("0")
    pull(noblock)           .side(0)      # 0
    mov(x, osr)             .side(0)      # 1
    out(pins, 8)            .side(1)      # 2
    out(pins, 8)            .side(2)      # 3
    out(pins, 8)            .side(4)      # 4
    out(pins, 8)            .side(8)      # 5
    jmp("0")                .side(0)      # 6
    wrap()

Displays.py

"""Source: Instructables, Tom's Hardware and GitHub """
"""Not Authored by Dr. Sengupta """
"""Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via ESP32/RPi GPIO pins."""

from lcd_api import LcdApi
from machine import Pin
from utime import sleep_ms, sleep_us


class GpioLcd(LcdApi):
    """Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via ESP32 GPIO pins."""

    def __init__(self, rs_pin, enable_pin, d0_pin=None, d1_pin=None,
                 d2_pin=None, d3_pin=None, d4_pin=None, d5_pin=None,
                 d6_pin=None, d7_pin=None, rw_pin=None, backlight_pin=None,
                 num_lines=2, num_columns=16):
        """Constructs the GpioLcd object. All of the arguments must be machine.Pin
        objects which describe which pin the given line from the LCD is
        connected to.
        When used in 4-bit mode, only D4, D5, D6, and D7 are physically
        connected to the LCD panel. This function allows you call it like
        GpioLcd(rs, enable, D4, D5, D6, D7) and it will interpret that as
        if you had actually called:
        GpioLcd(rs, enable, d4=D4, d5=D5, d6=D6, d7=D7)
        The enable 8-bit mode, you need pass d0 through d7.
        The rw pin isn't used by this library, but if you specify it, then
        it will be set low.
        """
        self.rs_pin = rs_pin
        self.enable_pin = enable_pin
        self.rw_pin = rw_pin
        self.backlight_pin = backlight_pin
        self._4bit = True
        if d4_pin and d5_pin and d6_pin and d7_pin:
            self.d0_pin = d0_pin
            self.d1_pin = d1_pin
            self.d2_pin = d2_pin
            self.d3_pin = d3_pin
            self.d4_pin = d4_pin
            self.d5_pin = d5_pin
            self.d6_pin = d6_pin
            self.d7_pin = d7_pin
            if self.d0_pin and self.d1_pin and self.d2_pin and self.d3_pin:
                self._4bit = False
        else:
            # This is really 4-bit mode, and the 4 data pins were just
            # passed as the first 4 arguments, so we switch things around.
            self.d0_pin = None
            self.d1_pin = None
            self.d2_pin = None
            self.d3_pin = None
            self.d4_pin = d0_pin
            self.d5_pin = d1_pin
            self.d6_pin = d2_pin
            self.d7_pin = d3_pin
        self.rs_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.rs_pin.value(0)
        if self.rw_pin:
            self.rw_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.rw_pin.value(0)
        self.enable_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.enable_pin.value(0)
        self.d4_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d5_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d6_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d7_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d4_pin.value(0)
        self.d5_pin.value(0)
        self.d6_pin.value(0)
        self.d7_pin.value(0)
        if not self._4bit:
            self.d0_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d1_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d2_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d3_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d0_pin.value(0)
            self.d1_pin.value(0)
            self.d2_pin.value(0)
            self.d3_pin.value(0)
        if self.backlight_pin is not None:
            self.backlight_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.backlight_pin.value(0)

        # See about splitting this into begin

        sleep_ms(20)   # Allow LCD time to powerup
        # Send reset 3 times
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        sleep_ms(5)    # need to delay at least 4.1 msec
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        sleep_ms(1)
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        sleep_ms(1)
        cmd = self.LCD_FUNCTION
        if not self._4bit:
            cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(cmd)
        sleep_ms(1)
        LcdApi.__init__(self, num_lines, num_columns)
        if num_lines > 1:
            cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES
        self.hal_write_command(cmd)

    def hal_pulse_enable(self):
        """Pulse the enable line high, and then low again."""
        self.enable_pin.value(0)
        sleep_us(1)
        self.enable_pin.value(1)
        sleep_us(1)       # Enable pulse needs to be > 450 nsec
        self.enable_pin.value(0)
        sleep_us(100)     # Commands need > 37us to settle

    def hal_write_init_nibble(self, nibble):
        """Writes an initialization nibble to the LCD.
        This particular function is only used during initialization.
        """
        self.hal_write_4bits(nibble >> 4)

    def hal_backlight_on(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on."""
        if self.backlight_pin:
            self.backlight_pin.value(1)

    def hal_backlight_off(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off."""
        if self.backlight_pin:
            self.backlight_pin.value(0)

    def hal_write_command(self, cmd):
        """Writes a command to the LCD.
        Data is latched on the falling edge of E.
        """
        self.rs_pin.value(0)
        self.hal_write_8bits(cmd)
        if cmd <= 3:
            # The home and clear commands require a worst
            # case delay of 4.1 msec
            sleep_ms(5)

    def hal_write_data(self, data):
        """Write data to the LCD."""
        self.rs_pin.value(1)
        self.hal_write_8bits(data)

    def hal_write_8bits(self, value):
        """Writes 8 bits of data to the LCD."""
        if self.rw_pin:
            self.rw_pin.value(0)
        if self._4bit:
            self.hal_write_4bits(value >> 4)
            self.hal_write_4bits(value)
        else:
            self.d3_pin.value(value & 0x08)
            self.d2_pin.value(value & 0x04)
            self.d1_pin.value(value & 0x02)
            self.d0_pin.value(value & 0x01)
            self.hal_write_4bits(value >> 4)

    def hal_write_4bits(self, nibble):
        """Writes 4 bits of data to the LCD."""
        self.d7_pin.value(nibble & 0x08)
        self.d6_pin.value(nibble & 0x04)
        self.d5_pin.value(nibble & 0x02)
        self.d4_pin.value(nibble & 0x01)
        self.hal_pulse_enable()

gpio_lcd.py

"""Source: Instructables, Tom's Hardware and GitHub """
"""Not Authored by Dr. Sengupta """
"""Provides an API for talking to HD44780 compatible character LCDs."""

import time

class LcdApi:
    """Implements the API for talking with HD44780 compatible character LCDs.
    This class only knows what commands to send to the LCD, and not how to get
    them to the LCD.
    It is expected that a derived class will implement the hal_xxx functions.
    """

    # The following constant names were lifted from the avrlib lcd.h
    # header file, however, I changed the definitions from bit numbers
    # to bit masks.
    #
    # HD44780 LCD controller command set

    LCD_CLR = 0x01              # DB0: clear display
    LCD_HOME = 0x02             # DB1: return to home position

    LCD_ENTRY_MODE = 0x04       # DB2: set entry mode
    LCD_ENTRY_INC = 0x02        # --DB1: increment
    LCD_ENTRY_SHIFT = 0x01      # --DB0: shift

    LCD_ON_CTRL = 0x08          # DB3: turn lcd/cursor on
    LCD_ON_DISPLAY = 0x04       # --DB2: turn display on
    LCD_ON_CURSOR = 0x02        # --DB1: turn cursor on
    LCD_ON_BLINK = 0x01         # --DB0: blinking cursor

    LCD_MOVE = 0x10             # DB4: move cursor/display
    LCD_MOVE_DISP = 0x08        # --DB3: move display (0-> move cursor)
    LCD_MOVE_RIGHT = 0x04       # --DB2: move right (0-> left)

    LCD_FUNCTION = 0x20         # DB5: function set
    LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT = 0x10    # --DB4: set 8BIT mode (0->4BIT mode)
    LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES = 0x08  # --DB3: two lines (0->one line)
    LCD_FUNCTION_10DOTS = 0x04  # --DB2: 5x10 font (0->5x7 font)
    LCD_FUNCTION_RESET = 0x30   # See "Initializing by Instruction" section

    LCD_CGRAM = 0x40            # DB6: set CG RAM address
    LCD_DDRAM = 0x80            # DB7: set DD RAM address

    LCD_RS_CMD = 0
    LCD_RS_DATA = 1

    LCD_RW_WRITE = 0
    LCD_RW_READ = 1

    def __init__(self, num_lines, num_columns):
        self.num_lines = num_lines
        if self.num_lines > 4:
            self.num_lines = 4
        self.num_columns = num_columns
        if self.num_columns > 40:
            self.num_columns = 40
        self.cursor_x = 0
        self.cursor_y = 0
        self.implied_newline = False
        self.backlight = True
        self.display_off()
        self.backlight_on()
        self.clear()
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ENTRY_MODE | self.LCD_ENTRY_INC)
        self.hide_cursor()
        self.display_on()

    def clear(self):
        """Clears the LCD display and moves the cursor to the top left
        corner.
        """
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CLR)
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_HOME)
        self.cursor_x = 0
        self.cursor_y = 0

    def show_cursor(self):
        """Causes the cursor to be made visible."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |
                               self.LCD_ON_CURSOR)

    def hide_cursor(self):
        """Causes the cursor to be hidden."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY)

    def blink_cursor_on(self):
        """Turns on the cursor, and makes it blink."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |
                               self.LCD_ON_CURSOR | self.LCD_ON_BLINK)

    def blink_cursor_off(self):
        """Turns on the cursor, and makes it no blink (i.e. be solid)."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |
                               self.LCD_ON_CURSOR)

    def display_on(self):
        """Turns on (i.e. unblanks) the LCD."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY)

    def display_off(self):
        """Turns off (i.e. blanks) the LCD."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL)

    def backlight_on(self):
        """Turns the backlight on.
        This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight
        controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command.
        """
        self.backlight = True
        self.hal_backlight_on()

    def backlight_off(self):
        """Turns the backlight off.
        This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight
        controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command.
        """
        self.backlight = False
        self.hal_backlight_off()

    def move_to(self, cursor_x, cursor_y):
        """Moves the cursor position to the indicated position. The cursor
        position is zero based (i.e. cursor_x == 0 indicates first column).
        """
        self.cursor_x = cursor_x
        self.cursor_y = cursor_y
        addr = cursor_x & 0x3f
        if cursor_y & 1:
            addr += 0x40    # Lines 1 & 3 add 0x40
        if cursor_y & 2:    # Lines 2 & 3 add number of columns
            addr += self.num_columns
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_DDRAM | addr)

    def putchar(self, char):
        """Writes the indicated character to the LCD at the current cursor
        position, and advances the cursor by one position.
        """
        if char == '\n':
            if self.implied_newline:
                # self.implied_newline means we advanced due to a wraparound,
                # so if we get a newline right after that we ignore it.
                pass
            else:
                self.cursor_x = self.num_columns
        else:
            self.hal_write_data(ord(char))
            self.cursor_x += 1
        if self.cursor_x >= self.num_columns:
            self.cursor_x = 0
            self.cursor_y += 1
            self.implied_newline = (char != '\n')
        if self.cursor_y >= self.num_lines:
            self.cursor_y = 0
        self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y)

    def putstr(self, string):
        """Write the indicated string to the LCD at the current cursor
        position and advances the cursor position appropriately.
        """
        for char in string:
            self.putchar(char)

    def custom_char(self, location, charmap):
        """Write a character to one of the 8 CGRAM locations, available
        as chr(0) through chr(7).
        """
        location &= 0x7
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CGRAM | (location << 3))
        self.hal_sleep_us(40)
        for i in range(8):
            self.hal_write_data(charmap[i])
            self.hal_sleep_us(40)
        self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y)

    def hal_backlight_on(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on.
        If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function.
        """
        pass

    def hal_backlight_off(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off.
        If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function.
        """
        pass

    def hal_write_command(self, cmd):
        """Write a command to the LCD.
        It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this
        function.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def hal_write_data(self, data):
        """Write data to the LCD.
        It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this
        function.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def hal_sleep_us(self, usecs):
        """Sleep for some time (given in microseconds)."""
        time.sleep_us(usecs)

lcd_api.py

"""
LevelDisplay.py
A base LevelDisplay class with a couple of subclasses with implementations using
A LightStrip and an LCD Display - I may add additional implementations in the future
for example, using an actual 7 led bar - maybe with a shift register
"""
from Displays import LCDDisplay
from LightStrip import LightStrip
from Log import *

class LevelDisplay:
    def __init__(self, levels):
        self._levels = levels
        self._curlevel = 0

    def showLevel(self, levelpct):
        if levelpct <= 5:
            self._curlevel = 0
        elif levelpct >= 95:
            self._curlevel = self._levels
        else:
            self._curlevel = int(self._levels * levelpct / 100)
        Log.i(f'Showing {levelpct}% with {self._curlevel} levels')

class LCDLevel(LevelDisplay):
    def __init__(self, sda, scl, i2cid):
        display = LCDDisplay(sda=sda, scl=scl, i2cid=i2cid)
        super().__init__(8)
        self._display = display
        Log.i("Creating an LCD level")

        for p in range(0, 8):
            arr = [0x00] * 8
            for z in range(0, p + 1):
                arr[7 - z] = 0xff
            self._display.addShape(p, arr)

    def showLevel(self, levelpct, row=0, col=0):
        level = levelpct
        super().showLevel(level)
        if self._curlevel == 0:
            self._display.showText('.       ', row, col)
            return
        for l in range(0, self._curlevel):
            self._display.showText(chr(l), row, col + l)
        if self._curlevel < 8:
            self._display.showText(' ' * (8 - self._curlevel), row, col + self._curlevel)

    def showText(self, text, row=0, col=0):
        """ Delegate text display to the LCDDisplay instance """
        self._display.showText(text, row, col)

    def clear(self):
        """ Clear the display """
        self._display.reset()


LevelDisplay.py

"""
# Lights.py
# implementation of different types of lights
# both digitally controlled (on/off)
# or PWM-controlled (dimming) to set brightness
# Author: Arijit Sengupta
"""

import utime
from machine import Pin, PWM
from Log import *
import _thread
MAX = 65535

baton = _thread.allocate_lock()

class Light:
    """
    The Light base class - just an LED controlled by a digital IO
    Pin. Save the pin in an instance variable
    """
    
    def __init__(self, pin, name="Unnamed"):
        """
        Light constructor - save the pin and set it to OUTPUT mode
        pin is the NUMBER of the pin that the LED is connected to. So
        if connecting to GP21, pass the value 21 to pin        
        name is an optional name of the light
        """
            
        Log.i(f"Light: constructor")
        self._name = name
        self._pin = pin
        self._blinking = False
        self._led = Pin(self._pin, Pin.OUT)  # We need this to use the IO functions

    def on(self):
        """ on: Turn the light on """
        
        Log.i(f"Light: turning on {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}")
        self._led.value(1)

    def off(self):
        """ off: turn the light off """
        
        Log.i(f"Light: turning off {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}")
        self._led.value(0)

    def flip(self):
        """ flip: turn off if it was on, on if it was off """
        
        Log.i(f"Light: Toggling {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}")
        self._led.toggle()

    def blink(self, delay=0.5, times=1):
        """ blink: turn on for delay sec, off for delay sec [times] times"""

        Log.i(f"Light: Blink {self._name} {times} times for {delay} sec")
        for x in range(0,times):
            self.on()
            utime.sleep(delay)
            self.off()
            utime.sleep(delay)


class DimLight(Light):
    """
    The Dimmable Light subclass - will have the standard on off methods
    and in addition will have the ability to set brightness
    """

    def __init__(self, pin, name="Unnamed"):
        """ Dimmable light constructor """

        Log.i("Dimmable light constructor")
        super().__init__(pin, name)
        self._pwm = PWM(self._led)  # Create an instance of PWM object (pulse-width modulation)
        self._pwm.freq(100000)   # set frequency to 100 khz
        self._onState = False
        self._running = False

    def on(self):
        """ Turn on - full brightness max is 255 """
        
        self._running = False
        self._onState = True
        Log.i(f"Dimlight: turn Light {self._name} on (full brightness)")
        self.setBrightness(MAX)

    def off(self):
        """  Turn off - set brightness to 0 """
        
        self._running = False
        self._onState = False
        Log.i(f"Dimlight - turn Light {self._name} off (brightness 0)")
        self.setBrightness(0)

    def flip(self):
        """ flip: turn off if it was on, on if it was off """
        
        Log.i(f"Light: Toggling {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}")
        if self._onState:
            self.off()
        else:
            self.on()       
        
    def setBrightness(self, brightness):
        """ Set brightness to a specific level 0-255 """

        Log.i(f"Dimlight: setting Light {self._name} brightness to {brightness}")
        if (brightness == MAX):
            self._pwm.duty_u16(MAX)
        else:
            self._pwm.duty_u16(brightness * brightness)
        
        if brightness < 50:
            self._onState = False
        else:
            self._onState = True

    def upDown(self):
        """
        # Do a quick demo of going up and down full brightness levels
        # Here it is better to use ChangeDutyCycle
        """
        
        Log.i(f"Dimlight: do an up-down demo on Light {self._name}")
        self._running = True
        dc = 0
        for i in range (0, 25):
            if not self._running:
                break
            dc += 10
            self.setBrightness(dc)
            utime.sleep_ms(100)

        for i in range (0, 25):
            if not self._running:
                break
            dc -= 10
            self.setBrightness(dc)
            utime.sleep_ms(100)
        self._running = False

Lights.py

"""
# LightStrip.py
# Re-implementing the old NeoPixel class into a LightStrip class
# Using the built-in neopixel class in MicroPython now
"""

import time, neopixel, machine
from Lights import *
from Log import *

class LightStrip(Light):
    FILLS = 0
    CHASES = 1
    RAINBOW = 2
    
    def __init__(self, name='Neopixel', pin=2, numleds=16, brightness=0.5):
        self._name = name
        self._pin = pin
        self._numleds = numleds
        self._brightness = brightness
        self._running = False
        self.colors = ['White', 'Red', 'Yellow', 'Blue']
        
        Log.i(f'Creating a neopixel {name} on pin {pin} with {numleds} LEDs')
        self._np = neopixel.NeoPixel(machine.Pin(pin), numleds)
        
    def on(self):
        self._fill(WHITE)
        self._np.write()
        Log.i(f'{self._name} ON')
    
    def off(self):
        self._running = False
        time.sleep(0.1)
        self._clear()
        self._np.write()
        Log.i(f'{self._name} OFF')
        
    def flip(self):
        for x in range(0, self._numleds):
            self._np[x] = (255 - self._np[x][0], 255 - self._np[x][1], 255 - self._np[x][2])
        self.show()
        Log.i(f'{self._name} flipped')
        
    def setColor(self, color_name, numPixels=-1):
        color = self.get_color_tuple(color_name)
        if numPixels < 0 or numPixels > self._numleds:
            numPixels = self._numleds
        for i in range(numPixels):
            self._set_pixel(i, color)
        for i in range(numPixels, self._numleds):
            self._set_pixel(i, BLACK)
        self._np.write()
        Log.i(f'{self._name} set color to {color_name}')
        
    def setPixel(self, pixelno, color_name, show=True):
        color = self.get_color_tuple(color_name)
        self._set_pixel(pixelno, color)
        if show:
            self._np.write()
        Log.i(f'{self._name} set pixel {pixelno} to color {color_name}')
        
    def show(self):
        self._np.write()
        
    def setBrightness(self, brightness=0.5):
        self._brightness = brightness
        Log.i(f'{self._name} set brightness to {brightness}')
        
    def run(self, runtype=0):
        self._running = True
        if runtype == LightStrip.FILLS:
            Log.i(f'{self._name} running fills')
            for color in COLORS:
                if not self._running:
                    break       
                self.setColor(color)
                time.sleep(0.2)
        elif runtype == LightStrip.CHASES:
            Log.i(f'{self._name} running chases')
            for color in COLORS:
                if not self._running:
                    break       
                self.color_chase(color, 0.01)
        else:
            Log.i(f'{self._name} running rainbow')
            self.rainbow_cycle(0)
        self._running = False

    def _set_pixel(self, p, color):
        modifiedcolor = tuple(int(col * self._brightness) for col in color)
        self._np[p] = modifiedcolor
        
    def _clear(self):
        self._np.fill(BLACK)
        pass
    
    def _fill(self, color):
        self._np.fill(color)
        pass

    def color_chase(self, color, wait):
        for i in range(self._numleds):
            if not self._running:
                break
            self._set_pixel(i, color)
            time.sleep(wait)
            self._np.write()
        time.sleep(0.2)
    
    def wheel(self, pos):
        if pos < 0 or pos > 255:
            return (0, 0, 0)
        if pos < 85:
            return (255 - pos * 3, pos * 3, 0)
        if pos < 170:
            pos -= 85
            return (0, 255 - pos * 3, pos * 3)
        pos -= 170
        return (pos * 3, 0, 255 - pos * 3)
    
    def rainbow_cycle(self, wait):
        for j in range(255):
            if not self._running:
                break
            for i in range(self._numleds):
                rc_index = (i * 256 // self._numleds) + j
                self._set_pixel(i, self.wheel(rc_index & 255))
            self._np.write()
            time.sleep(wait)

    def get_color_tuple(self, color_name):
        colors_dict = {
            'Black': (0, 0, 0),
            'Red': (255, 0, 0),
            'Yellow': (255, 150, 0),
            'Green': (0, 255, 0),
            'Cyan': (0, 255, 255),
            'Blue': (0, 0, 255),
            'Purple': (180, 0, 255),
            'White': (255, 255, 255),
            'Orange': (255, 164, 0)
        }
        return colors_dict.get(color_name, (255, 255, 255))

# Some color definitions
BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
RED = (255, 0, 0)
YELLOW = (255, 150, 0)
GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
CYAN = (0, 255, 255)
BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
PURPLE = (180, 0, 255)
WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
ORANGE = (255, 164, 0)
COLORS = (BLACK, RED, YELLOW, GREEN, CYAN, BLUE, PURPLE, WHITE, ORANGE)


LightStrip.py

"""
Log.py - a simplistic Logging process. Built to kind of mimic the
Android Logging process, but at the same time having a global level
set to see the types of logs being displayed.

Basic usage:

Log.level = DEBUG  # set global log level

# Options are: ALL/INFO (everything) DEBUG (debug and higher), ERRO (only errors)
Log.i(f'help')     # Info message: f-strings recommended for showing variables
Log.d(f'value: {v}') # Debug message
Log.e(f'Exception: {x}') # Error message
Log.name('Myproject') # Set a global project name
"""

""" Debug levels """
ALL = 4  # All messages are displayed
INFO = 3  # Basically the same as ALL - for future-proofing
DEBUG = 2  # Info is hidden - debug and higher shown
ERROR = 1  # Only error messages shown
NONE = 0  # No messages are shown from log classes


class Log:

    name = ''
    level = ALL

    @classmethod
    def i(cls, message):
        if (cls.level >= INFO):
            Log.pr(message)

    @classmethod
    def d(cls, message):
        if (cls.level >= DEBUG):
            Log.pr(message)

    @classmethod
    def e(cls, message):
        if (cls.level >= ERROR):
            Log.pr(message)

    @classmethod
    def pr(cls, message):
        if cls.name:
            m = cls.name + ": " + message
        else:
            m = message
        print(m)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print("Hello")
    Log.level = ALL
    Log.name = 'Test'
    Log.i(f'This should print (level: {Log.level})')
    
    Log.level = ERROR
    Log.i(f'This should NOT print (level: {Log.level})')
    Log.e(f'This should print (level: {Log.level})')
    



Log.py

"""
MicroPython max7219 cascadable 8x8 LED matrix driver
https://github.com/mcauser/micropython-max7219

MIT License
Copyright (c) 2017 Mike Causer

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
"""

from micropython import const
import framebuf

_NOOP = const(0)
_DIGIT0 = const(1)
_DECODEMODE = const(9)
_INTENSITY = const(10)
_SCANLIMIT = const(11)
_SHUTDOWN = const(12)
_DISPLAYTEST = const(15)

class Matrix8x8:
    def __init__(self, spi, cs, num):
        """
        Driver for cascading MAX7219 8x8 LED matrices.

        >>> import max7219
        >>> from machine import Pin, SPI
        >>> spi = SPI(1)
        >>> display = max7219.Matrix8x8(spi, Pin('X5'), 4)
        >>> display.text('1234',0,0,1)
        >>> display.show()

        """
        self.spi = spi
        self.cs = cs
        self.cs.init(cs.OUT, True)
        self.buffer = bytearray(8 * num)
        self.num = num
        fb = framebuf.FrameBuffer(self.buffer, 8 * num, 8, framebuf.MONO_HLSB)
        self.framebuf = fb
        # Provide methods for accessing FrameBuffer graphics primitives. This is a workround
        # because inheritance from a native class is currently unsupported.
        # http://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/pyboard/library/framebuf.html
        self.fill = fb.fill  # (col)
        self.pixel = fb.pixel # (x, y[, c])
        self.hline = fb.hline  # (x, y, w, col)
        self.vline = fb.vline  # (x, y, h, col)
        self.line = fb.line  # (x1, y1, x2, y2, col)
        self.rect = fb.rect  # (x, y, w, h, col)
        self.fill_rect = fb.fill_rect  # (x, y, w, h, col)
        self.text = fb.text  # (string, x, y, col=1)
        self.scroll = fb.scroll  # (dx, dy)
        self.blit = fb.blit  # (fbuf, x, y[, key])
        self.init()

    def _write(self, command, data):
        self.cs(0)
        for m in range(self.num):
            self.spi.write(bytearray([command, data]))
        self.cs(1)

    def init(self):
        for command, data in (
            (_SHUTDOWN, 0),
            (_DISPLAYTEST, 0),
            (_SCANLIMIT, 7),
            (_DECODEMODE, 0),
            (_SHUTDOWN, 1),
        ):
            self._write(command, data)

    def brightness(self, value):
        if not 0 <= value <= 15:
            raise ValueError("Brightness out of range")
        self._write(_INTENSITY, value)

    def show(self):
        for y in range(8):
            self.cs(0)
            for m in range(self.num):
                self.spi.write(bytearray([_DIGIT0 + y, self.buffer[(y * self.num) + m]]))
            self.cs(1)

max7219.py

"""Source: Instructables, Tom's Hardware and GitHub """
"""Not Authored by Dr. Sengupta """

import utime
import gc

from lcd_api import LcdApi
from machine import I2C

# PCF8574 pin definitions
MASK_RS = 0x01       # P0
MASK_RW = 0x02       # P1
MASK_E  = 0x04       # P2

SHIFT_BACKLIGHT = 3  # P3
SHIFT_DATA      = 4  # P4-P7

class I2cLcd(LcdApi):
    
    #Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via PCF8574 on I2C

    def __init__(self, i2c, i2c_addr, num_lines, num_columns):
        self.i2c = i2c
        self.i2c_addr = i2c_addr
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([0]))
        utime.sleep_ms(20)   # Allow LCD time to powerup
        # Send reset 3 times
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        utime.sleep_ms(5)    # Need to delay at least 4.1 msec
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        utime.sleep_ms(1)
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        utime.sleep_ms(1)
        # Put LCD into 4-bit mode
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION)
        utime.sleep_ms(1)
        LcdApi.__init__(self, num_lines, num_columns)
        cmd = self.LCD_FUNCTION
        if num_lines > 1:
            cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES
        self.hal_write_command(cmd)
        gc.collect()

    def hal_write_init_nibble(self, nibble):
        # Writes an initialization nibble to the LCD.
        # This particular function is only used during initialization.
        byte = ((nibble >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        gc.collect()
        
    def hal_backlight_on(self):
        # Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([1 << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT]))
        gc.collect()
        
    def hal_backlight_off(self):
        #Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([0]))
        gc.collect()
        
    def hal_write_command(self, cmd):
        # Write a command to the LCD. Data is latched on the falling edge of E.
        byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                (((cmd >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                ((cmd & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        if cmd <= 3:
            # The home and clear commands require a worst case delay of 4.1 msec
            utime.sleep_ms(5)
        gc.collect()

    def hal_write_data(self, data):
        # Write data to the LCD. Data is latched on the falling edge of E.
        byte = (MASK_RS |
                (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                (((data >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        byte = (MASK_RS |
                (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                ((data & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))      
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        gc.collect()

pico_i2c_lcd.py

# PicoLibrary

A collection of classes around the Raspberry Pi Pico Hardware interface to make it easy to 
work with Lights (LEDs, RGB LEDs), Sound (active and passive buzzers), Displays (Dot matrix 
with Max7219, 7 segment displays bare and with TM 1637, 160x LCD modules with I2C backpacks
and without I2C, as well as OLED/LCD displays with I2C).

Also includes simple support for buttons and a basic implementation of a state model for
creating simple state machines.

Currently supported hardware - (more to be added)

* Buttons - both pulled-down and pulled-up buttons supported
* Buzzers - both active and passive buzzers supported
* LEDs - Basic LEDs (on/off) and Dimmable LEDs (setting brightness level)
* Composite lights - TrafficLight (red, yellow, green), Pixel (R, G, B) and NeoPixel (PIO)
* Displays - 160x displays (both I2C as well has GPIO)
* Displays - OLED displays (SSD1306 driver)
* Displays - 7 segment displays (both sda/scl controlled as well as bit-banged using PIO)
* LED matrix displays - (MAX7219 driver)
* Sensors - both ditigal (0/1) as well as Analog (ADC 16 bit) sensors

Contact Dr. Sengupta if you need support for any other hardware


README.md

"""
MicroPython TM1637 quad 7-segment LED display driver
https://github.com/mcauser/micropython-tm1637

MIT License
Copyright (c) 2016 Mike Causer

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.
"""

from micropython import const
from machine import Pin
from time import sleep_us, sleep_ms

TM1637_CMD1 = const(64)  # 0x40 data command
TM1637_CMD2 = const(192) # 0xC0 address command
TM1637_CMD3 = const(128) # 0x80 display control command
TM1637_DSP_ON = const(8) # 0x08 display on
TM1637_DELAY = const(10) # 10us delay between clk/dio pulses
TM1637_MSB = const(128)  # msb is the decimal point or the colon depending on your display

# 0-9, a-z, blank, dash, star
_SEGMENTS = bytearray(b'\x3F\x06\x5B\x4F\x66\x6D\x7D\x07\x7F\x6F\x77\x7C\x39\x5E\x79\x71\x3D\x76\x06\x1E\x76\x38\x55\x54\x3F\x73\x67\x50\x6D\x78\x3E\x1C\x2A\x76\x6E\x5B\x00\x40\x63')

class TM1637(object):
    """Library for quad 7-segment LED modules based on the TM1637 LED driver."""
    def __init__(self, clk, dio, brightness=7):
        self.clk = clk
        self.dio = dio

        if not 0 <= brightness <= 7:
            raise ValueError("Brightness out of range")
        self._brightness = brightness

        self.clk.init(Pin.OUT, value=0)
        self.dio.init(Pin.OUT, value=0)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)

        self._write_data_cmd()
        self._write_dsp_ctrl()

    def _start(self):
        self.dio(0)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
        self.clk(0)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)

    def _stop(self):
        self.dio(0)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
        self.clk(1)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
        self.dio(1)

    def _write_data_cmd(self):
        # automatic address increment, normal mode
        self._start()
        self._write_byte(TM1637_CMD1)
        self._stop()

    def _write_dsp_ctrl(self):
        # display on, set brightness
        self._start()
        self._write_byte(TM1637_CMD3 | TM1637_DSP_ON | self._brightness)
        self._stop()

    def _write_byte(self, b):
        for i in range(8):
            self.dio((b >> i) & 1)
            sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
            self.clk(1)
            sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
            self.clk(0)
            sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
        self.clk(0)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
        self.clk(1)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)
        self.clk(0)
        sleep_us(TM1637_DELAY)

    def brightness(self, val=None):
        """Set the display brightness 0-7."""
        # brightness 0 = 1/16th pulse width
        # brightness 7 = 14/16th pulse width
        if val is None:
            return self._brightness
        if not 0 <= val <= 7:
            raise ValueError("Brightness out of range")

        self._brightness = val
        self._write_data_cmd()
        self._write_dsp_ctrl()

    def write(self, segments, pos=0):
        """Display up to 6 segments moving right from a given position.
        The MSB in the 2nd segment controls the colon between the 2nd
        and 3rd segments."""
        if not 0 <= pos <= 5:
            raise ValueError("Position out of range")
        self._write_data_cmd()
        self._start()

        self._write_byte(TM1637_CMD2 | pos)
        for seg in segments:
            self._write_byte(seg)
        self._stop()
        self._write_dsp_ctrl()

    def encode_digit(self, digit):
        """Convert a character 0-9, a-f to a segment."""
        return _SEGMENTS[digit & 0x0f]

    def encode_string(self, string):
        """Convert an up to 4 character length string containing 0-9, a-z,
        space, dash, star to an array of segments, matching the length of the
        source string."""
        segments = bytearray(len(string))
        for i in range(len(string)):
            segments[i] = self.encode_char(string[i])
        return segments

    def encode_char(self, char):
        """Convert a character 0-9, a-z, space, dash or star to a segment."""
        o = ord(char)
        if o == 32:
            return _SEGMENTS[36] # space
        if o == 42:
            return _SEGMENTS[38] # star/degrees
        if o == 45:
            return _SEGMENTS[37] # dash
        if o >= 65 and o <= 90:
            return _SEGMENTS[o-55] # uppercase A-Z
        if o >= 97 and o <= 122:
            return _SEGMENTS[o-87] # lowercase a-z
        if o >= 48 and o <= 57:
            return _SEGMENTS[o-48] # 0-9
        raise ValueError("Character out of range: {:d} '{:s}'".format(o, chr(o)))

    def hex(self, val):
        """Display a hex value 0x0000 through 0xffff, right aligned."""
        string = '{:04x}'.format(val & 0xffff)
        self.write(self.encode_string(string))

    def number(self, num):
        """Display a numeric value -999 through 9999, right aligned."""
        # limit to range -999 to 9999
        num = max(-999, min(num, 9999))
        string = '{0: >4d}'.format(num)
        self.write(self.encode_string(string))

    def numbers(self, num1, num2, colon=True):
        """Display two numeric values -9 through 99, with leading zeros
        and separated by a colon."""
        num1 = max(-9, min(num1, 99))
        num2 = max(-9, min(num2, 99))
        segments = self.encode_string('{0:0>2d}{1:0>2d}'.format(num1, num2))
        if colon:
            segments[1] |= 0x80 # colon on
        self.write(segments)

    def temperature(self, num):
        if num < -9:
            self.show('lo') # low
        elif num > 99:
            self.show('hi') # high
        else:
            string = '{0: >2d}'.format(num)
            self.write(self.encode_string(string))
        self.write([_SEGMENTS[38], _SEGMENTS[12]], 2) # degrees C

    def show(self, string, colon=False):
        segments = self.encode_string(string)
        if len(segments) > 1 and colon:
            segments[1] |= 128
        self.write(segments[:4])

    def scroll(self, string, delay=250):
        segments = string if isinstance(string, list) else self.encode_string(string)
        data = [0] * 8
        data[4:0] = list(segments)
        for i in range(len(segments) + 5):
            self.write(data[0+i:4+i])
            sleep_ms(delay)


class TM1637Decimal(TM1637):
    """Library for quad 7-segment LED modules based on the TM1637 LED driver.

    This class is meant to be used with decimal display modules (modules
    that have a decimal point after each 7-segment LED).
    """

    def encode_string(self, string):
        """Convert a string to LED segments.

        Convert an up to 4 character length string containing 0-9, a-z,
        space, dash, star and '.' to an array of segments, matching the length of
        the source string."""
        segments = bytearray(len(string.replace('.','')))
        j = 0
        for i in range(len(string)):
            if string[i] == '.' and j > 0:
                segments[j-1] |= TM1637_MSB
                continue
            segments[j] = self.encode_char(string[i])
            j += 1
        return segments

tm1637.py

"""The logic and design came from me but some of the code was a trial & error 
with ChatGPM 
"""
from LightSequence import LightSequence
from time import sleep

class Game:
    def __init__(self, buttons, buzzer, light_strip, display):
        self.buttons = buttons
        self.buzzer = buzzer
        self.light_strip = light_strip
        self.display = display
        self.score = 0
        self.sequence = LightSequence(num_leds=self.light_strip._numleds, colors=self.light_strip.colors)
        self.game_over = False

    def start(self):
        self.score = 0
        self.sequence.reset()
        self.light_strip.off()
        self.buzzer.beep(1000, 100)
        self.display.showText("Game Start!", 0, 0)
        sleep(1)
        self.display.clear()
        self.next_round()
        self.update_strip()
        self.game_loop()

    def next_round(self):
        if not self.game_over:
            self.sequence.generateNext()
            if len(self.sequence.sequence) >= self.light_strip._numleds:
                self.end_game()
                return
            for led, color in self.sequence.sequence:
                self.light_strip.setPixel(led, color, show=False)
            self.light_strip.show()
            self.display.showText(f"Score: {self.score}", 0, 0)
            self.buzzer.beep(500, 100)
            sleep(2)  # Duration for the lights to stay on before turning off
            # Uncomment the line below for the lights to turn off after a certain period
            #self.light_strip.off(1)



    def update_strip(self):
        self.light_strip.off()
        for led, color in self.sequence.sequence:
            self.light_strip.setPixel(led, color, show=False)
        self.light_strip.show()
        print(f"Updated light strip with sequence: {self.sequence.sequence}")
        
    def check_button_press(self, color):
        if self.sequence.checkInput(color):
            self.score += 1
            self.buzzer.beep(1000, 100)
            self.next_round()
            #self.game_loop()
        else:
            self.end_game()

    def end_game(self):
        self.game_over = True
        self.light_strip.setColor('Red', self.light_strip._numleds)
        self.buzzer.beep(200, 500)
        self.display.showText("Game Over", 0, 0)
        sleep(1)
        self.display.showText(f"Final Score: {self.score}", 1, 0)
        sleep(1)
        #self.display.clear()

    def update(self):
        if not self.game_over:
            sleep(1) 
            for button in self.buttons:
                if button.isPressed():
                    self.check_button_press(button._name)

    def game_loop(self):
        while not self.game_over:
            for button in self.buttons:
                if button.isPressed():
                    self.check_button_press(button._name)
            if not self.game_over:
                self.next_round()
                for button in self.buttons:
                    if button.isPressed():
                        self.check_button_press(button._name)
            print("Timeout check - next round.")



Game.py

"""The logic and design came from me but some of the code was a trial & error 
with ChatGPM 

The main fundtion here is to produce randon colors and randon initial lenght of the number of led 
lights beng turned on
"""
import random

class LightSequence:
    def __init__(self, num_leds, colors):
        self.num_leds = num_leds
        self.colors = colors
        self.sequence = []
        print("Initialized LightSequence with colors:", self.colors)

    def reset(self):
        self.sequence = []
        print("Sequence reset")

    def generate_initial_sequence(self):
        # Generate random colors and initial number of lights to be turned on
        initial_length = random.randint(1, 4)
        print(f"Generating initial sequence with length: {initial_length}")
        self.sequence = [(i, random.choice(self.colors)) for i in range(initial_length)]
        print(f"Initial sequence generated: {self.sequence}")

    def generateNext(self):
        if len(self.sequence) < self.num_leds:
            next_led = len(self.sequence)
            next_color = random.choice(self.colors)
            self.sequence.append((next_led, next_color))
            print(f"Next sequence: {self.sequence}")

    def checkInput(self, color):
        if self.sequence and self.sequence[-1][1] == color:
            self.sequence.pop()
            return True
        return False
