import random
import time
from Button import Button
from Displays import LCDDisplay
from Tetris import *

time.sleep(0.1) # Wait for USB to become ready

print("Hello, Pi Pico!")

# Add implementations for Shape2, Shape3, Shape4...

# Initialize hardware
lcd_display = LCDDisplay(sda=0, scl=1)
btn_rotate = Button(16, "Button Rotate")
btn_move = Button(17, "Button Move")
btn_drop = Button(18, "Button Drop")

# Define some shapes
shapes = {}
shapes["0"] = [[0, 0]]
shapes["1"] = [[0, 0], [1, 0]]
shapes["2"] = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2]]
shapes["3"] = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [1, 1]]

# Example usage
game = TetrisGame(lcd_display, btn_rotate, btn_move, btn_drop, shapes)
game.play()

main.py

diagram.json

"""Source: Instructables, Tom's Hardware and GitHub """
"""Not Authored by Dr. Sengupta """
"""Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via ESP32/RPi GPIO pins."""

from lcd_api import LcdApi
from machine import Pin
from utime import sleep_ms, sleep_us


class GpioLcd(LcdApi):
    """Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via ESP32 GPIO pins."""

    def __init__(self, rs_pin, enable_pin, d0_pin=None, d1_pin=None,
                 d2_pin=None, d3_pin=None, d4_pin=None, d5_pin=None,
                 d6_pin=None, d7_pin=None, rw_pin=None, backlight_pin=None,
                 num_lines=2, num_columns=16):
        """Constructs the GpioLcd object. All of the arguments must be machine.Pin
        objects which describe which pin the given line from the LCD is
        connected to.
        When used in 4-bit mode, only D4, D5, D6, and D7 are physically
        connected to the LCD panel. This function allows you call it like
        GpioLcd(rs, enable, D4, D5, D6, D7) and it will interpret that as
        if you had actually called:
        GpioLcd(rs, enable, d4=D4, d5=D5, d6=D6, d7=D7)
        The enable 8-bit mode, you need pass d0 through d7.
        The rw pin isn't used by this library, but if you specify it, then
        it will be set low.
        """
        self.rs_pin = rs_pin
        self.enable_pin = enable_pin
        self.rw_pin = rw_pin
        self.backlight_pin = backlight_pin
        self._4bit = True
        if d4_pin and d5_pin and d6_pin and d7_pin:
            self.d0_pin = d0_pin
            self.d1_pin = d1_pin
            self.d2_pin = d2_pin
            self.d3_pin = d3_pin
            self.d4_pin = d4_pin
            self.d5_pin = d5_pin
            self.d6_pin = d6_pin
            self.d7_pin = d7_pin
            if self.d0_pin and self.d1_pin and self.d2_pin and self.d3_pin:
                self._4bit = False
        else:
            # This is really 4-bit mode, and the 4 data pins were just
            # passed as the first 4 arguments, so we switch things around.
            self.d0_pin = None
            self.d1_pin = None
            self.d2_pin = None
            self.d3_pin = None
            self.d4_pin = d0_pin
            self.d5_pin = d1_pin
            self.d6_pin = d2_pin
            self.d7_pin = d3_pin
        self.rs_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.rs_pin.value(0)
        if self.rw_pin:
            self.rw_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.rw_pin.value(0)
        self.enable_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.enable_pin.value(0)
        self.d4_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d5_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d6_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d7_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
        self.d4_pin.value(0)
        self.d5_pin.value(0)
        self.d6_pin.value(0)
        self.d7_pin.value(0)
        if not self._4bit:
            self.d0_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d1_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d2_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d3_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.d0_pin.value(0)
            self.d1_pin.value(0)
            self.d2_pin.value(0)
            self.d3_pin.value(0)
        if self.backlight_pin is not None:
            self.backlight_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
            self.backlight_pin.value(0)

        # See about splitting this into begin

        sleep_ms(20)   # Allow LCD time to powerup
        # Send reset 3 times
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        sleep_ms(5)    # need to delay at least 4.1 msec
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        sleep_ms(1)
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        sleep_ms(1)
        cmd = self.LCD_FUNCTION
        if not self._4bit:
            cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(cmd)
        sleep_ms(1)
        LcdApi.__init__(self, num_lines, num_columns)
        if num_lines > 1:
            cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES
        self.hal_write_command(cmd)

    def hal_pulse_enable(self):
        """Pulse the enable line high, and then low again."""
        self.enable_pin.value(0)
        sleep_us(1)
        self.enable_pin.value(1)
        sleep_us(1)       # Enable pulse needs to be > 450 nsec
        self.enable_pin.value(0)
        sleep_us(100)     # Commands need > 37us to settle

    def hal_write_init_nibble(self, nibble):
        """Writes an initialization nibble to the LCD.
        This particular function is only used during initialization.
        """
        self.hal_write_4bits(nibble >> 4)

    def hal_backlight_on(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on."""
        if self.backlight_pin:
            self.backlight_pin.value(1)

    def hal_backlight_off(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off."""
        if self.backlight_pin:
            self.backlight_pin.value(0)

    def hal_write_command(self, cmd):
        """Writes a command to the LCD.
        Data is latched on the falling edge of E.
        """
        self.rs_pin.value(0)
        self.hal_write_8bits(cmd)
        if cmd <= 3:
            # The home and clear commands require a worst
            # case delay of 4.1 msec
            sleep_ms(5)

    def hal_write_data(self, data):
        """Write data to the LCD."""
        self.rs_pin.value(1)
        self.hal_write_8bits(data)

    def hal_write_8bits(self, value):
        """Writes 8 bits of data to the LCD."""
        if self.rw_pin:
            self.rw_pin.value(0)
        if self._4bit:
            self.hal_write_4bits(value >> 4)
            self.hal_write_4bits(value)
        else:
            self.d3_pin.value(value & 0x08)
            self.d2_pin.value(value & 0x04)
            self.d1_pin.value(value & 0x02)
            self.d0_pin.value(value & 0x01)
            self.hal_write_4bits(value >> 4)

    def hal_write_4bits(self, nibble):
        """Writes 4 bits of data to the LCD."""
        self.d7_pin.value(nibble & 0x08)
        self.d6_pin.value(nibble & 0x04)
        self.d5_pin.value(nibble & 0x02)
        self.d4_pin.value(nibble & 0x01)
        self.hal_pulse_enable()

gpio_lcd.py

"""Source: Instructables, Tom's Hardware and GitHub """
"""Not Authored by Dr. Sengupta """
"""Provides an API for talking to HD44780 compatible character LCDs."""

import time

class LcdApi:
    """Implements the API for talking with HD44780 compatible character LCDs.
    This class only knows what commands to send to the LCD, and not how to get
    them to the LCD.
    It is expected that a derived class will implement the hal_xxx functions.
    """

    # The following constant names were lifted from the avrlib lcd.h
    # header file, however, I changed the definitions from bit numbers
    # to bit masks.
    #
    # HD44780 LCD controller command set

    LCD_CLR = 0x01              # DB0: clear display
    LCD_HOME = 0x02             # DB1: return to home position

    LCD_ENTRY_MODE = 0x04       # DB2: set entry mode
    LCD_ENTRY_INC = 0x02        # --DB1: increment
    LCD_ENTRY_SHIFT = 0x01      # --DB0: shift

    LCD_ON_CTRL = 0x08          # DB3: turn lcd/cursor on
    LCD_ON_DISPLAY = 0x04       # --DB2: turn display on
    LCD_ON_CURSOR = 0x02        # --DB1: turn cursor on
    LCD_ON_BLINK = 0x01         # --DB0: blinking cursor

    LCD_MOVE = 0x10             # DB4: move cursor/display
    LCD_MOVE_DISP = 0x08        # --DB3: move display (0-> move cursor)
    LCD_MOVE_RIGHT = 0x04       # --DB2: move right (0-> left)

    LCD_FUNCTION = 0x20         # DB5: function set
    LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT = 0x10    # --DB4: set 8BIT mode (0->4BIT mode)
    LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES = 0x08  # --DB3: two lines (0->one line)
    LCD_FUNCTION_10DOTS = 0x04  # --DB2: 5x10 font (0->5x7 font)
    LCD_FUNCTION_RESET = 0x30   # See "Initializing by Instruction" section

    LCD_CGRAM = 0x40            # DB6: set CG RAM address
    LCD_DDRAM = 0x80            # DB7: set DD RAM address

    LCD_RS_CMD = 0
    LCD_RS_DATA = 1

    LCD_RW_WRITE = 0
    LCD_RW_READ = 1

    def __init__(self, num_lines, num_columns):
        self.num_lines = num_lines
        if self.num_lines > 4:
            self.num_lines = 4
        self.num_columns = num_columns
        if self.num_columns > 40:
            self.num_columns = 40
        self.cursor_x = 0
        self.cursor_y = 0
        self.implied_newline = False
        self.backlight = True
        self.display_off()
        self.backlight_on()
        self.clear()
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ENTRY_MODE | self.LCD_ENTRY_INC)
        self.hide_cursor()
        self.display_on()

    def clear(self):
        """Clears the LCD display and moves the cursor to the top left
        corner.
        """
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CLR)
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_HOME)
        self.cursor_x = 0
        self.cursor_y = 0

    def show_cursor(self):
        """Causes the cursor to be made visible."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |
                               self.LCD_ON_CURSOR)

    def hide_cursor(self):
        """Causes the cursor to be hidden."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY)

    def blink_cursor_on(self):
        """Turns on the cursor, and makes it blink."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |
                               self.LCD_ON_CURSOR | self.LCD_ON_BLINK)

    def blink_cursor_off(self):
        """Turns on the cursor, and makes it no blink (i.e. be solid)."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |
                               self.LCD_ON_CURSOR)

    def display_on(self):
        """Turns on (i.e. unblanks) the LCD."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY)

    def display_off(self):
        """Turns off (i.e. blanks) the LCD."""
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL)

    def backlight_on(self):
        """Turns the backlight on.
        This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight
        controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command.
        """
        self.backlight = True
        self.hal_backlight_on()

    def backlight_off(self):
        """Turns the backlight off.
        This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight
        controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command.
        """
        self.backlight = False
        self.hal_backlight_off()

    def move_to(self, cursor_x, cursor_y):
        """Moves the cursor position to the indicated position. The cursor
        position is zero based (i.e. cursor_x == 0 indicates first column).
        """
        self.cursor_x = cursor_x
        self.cursor_y = cursor_y
        addr = cursor_x & 0x3f
        if cursor_y & 1:
            addr += 0x40    # Lines 1 & 3 add 0x40
        if cursor_y & 2:    # Lines 2 & 3 add number of columns
            addr += self.num_columns
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_DDRAM | addr)

    def putchar(self, char):
        """Writes the indicated character to the LCD at the current cursor
        position, and advances the cursor by one position.
        """
        if char == '\n':
            if self.implied_newline:
                # self.implied_newline means we advanced due to a wraparound,
                # so if we get a newline right after that we ignore it.
                pass
            else:
                self.cursor_x = self.num_columns
        else:
            self.hal_write_data(ord(char))
            self.cursor_x += 1
        if self.cursor_x >= self.num_columns:
            self.cursor_x = 0
            self.cursor_y += 1
            self.implied_newline = (char != '\n')
        if self.cursor_y >= self.num_lines:
            self.cursor_y = 0
        self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y)

    def putstr(self, string):
        """Write the indicated string to the LCD at the current cursor
        position and advances the cursor position appropriately.
        """
        for char in string:
            self.putchar(char)

    def custom_char(self, location, charmap):
        """Write a character to one of the 8 CGRAM locations, available
        as chr(0) through chr(7).
        """
        location &= 0x7
        self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CGRAM | (location << 3))
        self.hal_sleep_us(40)
        for i in range(8):
            self.hal_write_data(charmap[i])
            self.hal_sleep_us(40)
        self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y)

    def hal_backlight_on(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on.
        If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function.
        """
        pass

    def hal_backlight_off(self):
        """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off.
        If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function.
        """
        pass

    def hal_write_command(self, cmd):
        """Write a command to the LCD.
        It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this
        function.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def hal_write_data(self, data):
        """Write data to the LCD.
        It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this
        function.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError

    def hal_sleep_us(self, usecs):
        """Sleep for some time (given in microseconds)."""
        time.sleep_us(usecs)

lcd_api.py

"""Source: Instructables, Tom's Hardware and GitHub """
"""Not Authored by Dr. Sengupta """

import utime
import gc

from lcd_api import LcdApi
from machine import I2C

# PCF8574 pin definitions
MASK_RS = 0x01       # P0
MASK_RW = 0x02       # P1
MASK_E  = 0x04       # P2

SHIFT_BACKLIGHT = 3  # P3
SHIFT_DATA      = 4  # P4-P7

class I2cLcd(LcdApi):
    
    #Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via PCF8574 on I2C

    def __init__(self, i2c, i2c_addr, num_lines, num_columns):
        self.i2c = i2c
        self.i2c_addr = i2c_addr
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([0]))
        utime.sleep_ms(20)   # Allow LCD time to powerup
        # Send reset 3 times
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        utime.sleep_ms(5)    # Need to delay at least 4.1 msec
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        utime.sleep_ms(1)
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)
        utime.sleep_ms(1)
        # Put LCD into 4-bit mode
        self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION)
        utime.sleep_ms(1)
        LcdApi.__init__(self, num_lines, num_columns)
        cmd = self.LCD_FUNCTION
        if num_lines > 1:
            cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES
        self.hal_write_command(cmd)
        gc.collect()

    def hal_write_init_nibble(self, nibble):
        # Writes an initialization nibble to the LCD.
        # This particular function is only used during initialization.
        byte = ((nibble >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        gc.collect()
        
    def hal_backlight_on(self):
        # Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([1 << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT]))
        gc.collect()
        
    def hal_backlight_off(self):
        #Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([0]))
        gc.collect()
        
    def hal_write_command(self, cmd):
        # Write a command to the LCD. Data is latched on the falling edge of E.
        byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                (((cmd >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                ((cmd & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        if cmd <= 3:
            # The home and clear commands require a worst case delay of 4.1 msec
            utime.sleep_ms(5)
        gc.collect()

    def hal_write_data(self, data):
        # Write data to the LCD. Data is latched on the falling edge of E.
        byte = (MASK_RS |
                (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                (((data >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        byte = (MASK_RS |
                (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) |
                ((data & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA))      
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E]))
        self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte]))
        gc.collect()

pico_i2c_lcd.py

"""
# Button.py - Object-Oriented implementation of a Button
# Also added a simple implementation of a single analog Joystick
# Author: Arijit Sengupta
"""

from machine import Pin, ADC
import time
from Log import *

class Button:
    """
    A simple Button class
    Create the button using Button(pinnumber, name, handler)
    handler is typically self, and create two methods buttonPressed and buttonReleased
    to handle the push and release of the button.
    The name of the button will be passed back to the handler to identify
    which button was pressed/released
    """
    
    def __init__(self, pin, name, *, handler=None, lowActive=True):
        """
        Initialize attributes and other internal data
        """
        
        self._pinNo = pin
        self._name = name
        Log.i(f'Button constructor: create button {name} at pin {pin}')
        if lowActive:
            self._pin = Pin(pin, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_UP)
        else:
            self._pin = Pin(pin, Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_DOWN)
        self._debounce_time = 0
        self._lowActive = lowActive
        self._lastStatus = None
        self._handler = None
        self.setHandler(handler)
        
    def isPressed(self):
        """ Check if the button is pressed or not - useful if polling """
        
        status = (self._lowActive and self._pin.value() ==0) or (not self._lowActive and self._pin.value() == 1)
        Log.i(f'Button {self._name} isPressed: {status}')
        return status
    
    def setHandler(self, handler):
        """ 
	    set the handler to a new handler. Pass None to remove existing handler
	    """
        
        # if the old handler was active already, or if the new handler is None, remove the irq
        if self._handler is not None or handler is None:
            self._pin.irq(handler = None)
    
        # Now set it to th enew handler
        self._handler = handler
        # Create the IRQ if the handler is not None
        if self._handler:
            self._pin.irq(trigger = Pin.IRQ_FALLING | Pin.IRQ_RISING, handler = self._callback)
        
    def _callback(self, pin):
        """ The private interrupt handler - will call appropriate handlers """
        
        t = time.ticks_ms()
        v = self._pin.value()
        if ((self._lastStatus == None or self._lastStatus != v) and t-self._debounce_time) > 50:
            self._debounce_time=t
            self._lastStatus = v
            if self._handler is not None:
                if self.isPressed():
                    Log.i(f'Button {self._name} pressed')
                    self._handler.buttonPressed(self._name)
                else:
                    Log.i(f'Button {self._name} released')
                    self._handler.buttonReleased(self._name)
        #self._debounce_time=t

class Joystick(Button):
    """
    A joystick is technically more than a Button, but this is an example
    of using a subclass to inherit some functionality, and adding other
    functions as needed. 

    So we implement a Joystick as a subclass of a button, with the internal
    button inherited from the Button class, and the horizontal and vertical
    axes implemented as ADC pin implementations. 

    Interestingly, we may have looked into AnalogSensor as well, but there is
    no tripping of a Joystick so we don't need that.
    """
    
    # Some constants to store some basic conditions
    LOW = 0
    HIGH = 65535
    MID = 32760

    # Joystick status codes
    CENTER = 0
    UP = 1
    DOWN = 2
    LEFT = 3
    RIGHT = 4
    MOVING = 5
    
    # Status text
    statuscodes = ['Center', 'Up', 'Down', 'Left', 'Right', 'Moving']

    def __init__(self, vpin, hpin, swpin, name, *, handler=None, delta=1000):
        # Let the superclass handle all button functionality
        super().__init__(swpin, name, handler=handler, lowActive=True)
        Log.i(f'Joystick constructor: create joystick at v:{vpin}, h:{hpin}')

        # H and V axis pins must be standard ADC supporting
        if vpin <26 or vpin > 28 or hpin < 26 or hpin > 28:
            raise ValueError("Joystick Error: must connect v/h to ADC pins")

        self._v = ADC(vpin)
        self._h = ADC(hpin)
        self._delta = delta

    def getData(self):
        """
        A simple method to return the x and y values
        """

        return (self._h.read_u16(), self._v.read_u16())

    def getStatusCode(self):
        """
        Return the status code of the joystick
        0 - center, 1 left 2 right 3 up 4 down
        5 if it is not quite in any distinct position
        """

        (x,y) = self.getData()

        if x < self.LOW + self._delta:
            return self.RIGHT
        if x > self.HIGH - self._delta:
            return self.LEFT
        if y < self.LOW + self._delta:
            return self.DOWN
        if y > self.HIGH - self._delta:
            return self.UP
        if x > self.MID - self._delta and x < self.MID + self._delta and y > self.MID - self._delta and y < self.MID + self._delta:
            return self.CENTER
        return self.MOVING

    def getStatus(self):
        """
        Get the status of the joystick in text
        center, left, right, up, down, moving
        """
    
        return Joystick.statuscodes[self.getStatusCode()]


Button.py

"""
# Displays.py
# A collection of various text-based displays
# Note - as of 7/31/24 only the LCDDisplay is implemented in this module
# Use OtherDisplays.py, GraphicDisplays.py and GraphicLCD.py for the rest
# Supports LCD 1602 displays - both using an i2c backpack as well as GPIO
# Only supports number and basic text displays 
# Author: Arijit Sengupta
"""

from machine import Pin, I2C, SPI
import time
from Log import *
from gpio_lcd import *
from pico_i2c_lcd import I2cLcd

class Display:
    """
    The Display Base class - might not actually be needed
    But here to ensure we do not have a duckTyping problem
    """

    Log.level = NONE

    def reset(self):
        Log.e(f"reset NOT IMPLEMENTED in {type(self).__name__}")
        
    def clear(self):
        self.reset()

    def showNumber(self, number):
        Log.e(f"showNumber NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}")

    def showText(self, text):
        Log.e(f"showText NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}")

    def scroll(self, text, speed=250):
        Log.e(f"Scroll NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}")

class LCDDisplay(Display):
    """
    LCD Display class - currently supports displays with an I2C backpack
    as well as displays directly driven via the d4-d7 pins
    
    Parameters
    --------
    This is important since Python does not have method overloading, we have one init
    to do both parallel as well as i2c displays
    pass rs, e, d4, d5, d6, d7 pin numbers for parallel displays
    
    pass sda and scl for i2c displays - default is to use parallel so must pass
    both sda/scl if using i2c
    
    To connect the display to I2C 0 on GPIO pins 0,1
    usage: LCDDisplay(sda=0, scl=1)
    
    To connect the display to I2C ID 1 on GPIO pins 2,3
    usage: LCDDisplay(sda=2, scl=3)
    
    To connect via parallel with rs on pin 5, e on pin 4
    and d4,d5,d6,d7 to pins 3,2,1 and 0:
    usage:  LCDDisplay()  # yeah those are the default so you don't need to send
    usage: LCDDisplay(rs=5, e=4, d4=3, d5=2, d6=1, d7=0) # preferred - you can see how its hooked up
    
    """
    
    def __init__(self, rs=5, e=4, d4=3, d5=2, d6=1, d7=0, *, sda=-1, scl=-1):
        """
        Combined constructor for the direct-driven displays
        explicitly pass in the sda and scl if you need to use I2C
        """
        
        if sda < 0:
            Log.i("LCDDisplay Constructor")
            self._lcd = GpioLcd(rs_pin=Pin(rs),
                enable_pin=Pin(e),
                d4_pin=Pin(d4),
                d5_pin=Pin(d5),
                d6_pin=Pin(d6),
                d7_pin=Pin(d7),
                num_lines=2, num_columns=16)
        else:
            Log.i("LCDDisplay (I2C) Constructor")
            """
            Lets determine the i2c id from the sda and scl pins
            """
            i2cid = -1 # lets set an invalid value to start with
            if (sda == 0 and scl == 1) or (sda == 4 and scl == 5) or (sda == 8 and scl == 9) or (sda == 12 and scl == 13) or (sda == 16 and scl == 17) or (sda == 20 and scl == 21):    
                i2cid = 0
            elif (sda == 2 and scl == 3) or (sda == 6 and scl == 7) or (sda == 10 and scl == 11) or (sda == 14 and scl == 15) or (sda == 18 and scl == 19) or (sda == 26 and scl == 27):
                i2cid = 1
            else:
                raise ValueError('Invalid SDA/SCL pins')
            i2c = I2C(i2cid, sda=Pin(sda), scl=Pin(scl), freq=400000)
            try:
                I2C_ADDR = i2c.scan()[0]
                self._lcd = I2cLcd(i2c, I2C_ADDR, 2, 16)
            except:
                raise ValueError('Could not connect to display - check wiring.')
        self._working = False

    def reset(self):
        """ 
        clear the display screen
        """
        
        Log.i("LCDDisplay: reset")
        self._lcd.clear()
        self._working = False

    def clear(self, line=-1):
        """
        Clear only a single line - negative to reset
        """

        if line < 0 or line > 1:
            self.reset()
        else:
            self.showText(f'{" "*16}',line)

    def showNumber(self, number, row=0, col=0):
        """
        show a single number
        """
        
        if self._working:
            Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy")
            return
        self._working = True
        Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - showing number {number} at {row},{col}")
        self._lcd.move_to(col, row)
        self._lcd.putstr(f"{number}")
        self._working = False

    def showNumbers(self, num1, num2, colon=True, row=0, col=0):
        """
        Show two numbers optionally separated by a colon
        by default, the colon is shown
        """
        
        if self._working:
            Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy")
            return
        self._working = True
        Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - showing numbers {num1}, {num2} at {row},{col}")
        self._lcd.move_to(col, row)
        colsym = ":" if colon else " "
        self._lcd.putstr(f"{num1}{colsym}{num2}")
        self._working = False

    def showText(self, text, row=0, col=0):
        """
        Show a string - only first 4 characters will be shown
        for anything bigger than 4 characters.
        """
        
        if self._working:
            Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy")
            return
        self._working = True
        Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - showing text {text} at {row},{col}")
        self._lcd.move_to(col, row)
        self._lcd.putstr(text)
        self._working = False

    def addShape(self, position, shapearray):
        """
        Add a custom character at a position.
        position must be between 0 and 7
        shapearray needs to be a bytearray that can
        be created by going to
        https://maxpromer.github.io/LCD-Character-Creator/
        and then copying the bytes into a bytearray as a list of hex values
        as in the example below:

        d.addShape(1, [0x00,0x0A,0x0A,0x00,0x11,0x0E,0x04,0x00]) # a smiley face
        d.showText(chr(1), 0,5) # show the smiley face at position 5 of row 0
        """
        
        if position < 0 or position > 7:
            raise ValueError('Position must be between 0 and 7.')
        if len(shapearray) != 8:
            raise ValueError('Make sure array is exactly 8 bytes')
        self._lcd.custom_char(position, shapearray)

    def scroll(self, text, row=0, speed=100, skip=2):
        """
        A very simple scroll implementation
        Scrolls some text right to left in a row

        speed is essentially the delay between refresh - lower the better
        skip is the number of chars to skip for the next refresh
        higher number will be faster but may be jerky. lower will be smooth
        but slower.

        I2C devices may not have best scrolling performance. Works
        better with GPIO-driven displays
        """

        if self._working:
            Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy")
            return
        self._working = True
        Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - scrolling text {text} in row {row}")
        for p in range(0,len(text)+skip, skip):
            curst = (text+' '*(16+skip))[p:p+16]
            for c in range(16,0,-1):
                self._lcd.move_to(c-1, row)
                self._lcd.putchar(curst[c-1])
            time.sleep(speed/1000)
        self._working = False

    def getText(self, row=None):
        """
        Retrieve the current text displayed on the LCD.
        If a row is specified, return text for that row.
        Otherwise, return the entire display content.
        """
        if row is not None:
            if 0 <= row < len(self.display_content):
                return self.display_content[row]
            else:
                raise ValueError("Invalid row number.")
        return self.display_content


Displays.py

"""
Log.py - a simplistic Logging process. Built to kind of mimic the
Android Logging process, but at the same time having a global level
set to see the types of logs being displayed.

Basic usage:

Log.level = DEBUG  # set global log level

# Options are: ALL/INFO (everything) DEBUG (debug and higher), ERRO (only errors)
Log.i(f'help')     # Info message: f-strings recommended for showing variables
Log.d(f'value: {v}') # Debug message
Log.e(f'Exception: {x}') # Error message
Log.name('Myproject') # Set a global project name
"""

""" Debug levels """
ALL = 4  # All messages are displayed
INFO = 3  # Basically the same as ALL - for future-proofing
DEBUG = 2  # Info is hidden - debug and higher shown
ERROR = 1  # Only error messages shown
NONE = 0  # No messages are shown from log classes


class Log:

    name = ''
    level = ALL

    @classmethod
    def i(cls, message):
        if (cls.level >= INFO):
            Log.pr(message)

    @classmethod
    def d(cls, message):
        if (cls.level >= DEBUG):
            Log.pr(message)

    @classmethod
    def e(cls, message):
        if (cls.level >= ERROR):
            Log.pr(message)

    @classmethod
    def pr(cls, message):
        if cls.name:
            m = cls.name + ": " + message
        else:
            m = message
        print(m)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print("Hello")
    Log.level = ALL
    Log.name = 'Test'
    Log.i(f'This should print (level: {Log.level})')
    
    Log.level = ERROR
    Log.i(f'This should NOT print (level: {Log.level})')
    Log.e(f'This should print (level: {Log.level})')
    



Log.py

from PhysicalVirtualLCD import *
#import copy

class Shape:
    def __init__(self, display_character, coordinates, physical_virtual_lcd):
        self.display_character = display_character
        self.coordinates = coordinates  # List of [row, col] pairs
        self.physical_virtual_lcd = physical_virtual_lcd          # LCD display object
    
    def get_move_coordinates(self, row_movement, col_movement):
        """Using the current self.coordinates, get the new coordinates for the row and col offset."""
        new_coordinates = []
        # generate new coordinates for the move
        for row, col in self.coordinates:
            new_row = row + row_movement
            new_col = col + col_movement
            new_coordinates.append([new_row, new_col])
        return new_coordinates

    def can_move(self, coordinates):
        """Check if the coordinates are within the LCD boundary and check if anything is blocking the coordinates."""
        is_inbound = self.is_within_bounds(self.physical_virtual_lcd.rows, self.physical_virtual_lcd.cols, coordinates)
        print(f"Shape.can_move(coord)...is_inbound = {is_inbound}")
        if not is_inbound:
            return False

        is_open = self.is_spot_open(coordinates)
        print(f"Shape.can_move(coord)...is_open = {is_open}")
        if not is_open:
            print(f"    {coordinates}")
            return False

        return True
    
    def move(self, row_movement, col_movement):
        """If possible, move the shape."""
        self.moved_shape(row_movement, col_movement)
    
    def moved_shape(self, row_movement, col_movement):
        """If possible, move the shape."""
        new_coordinates = self.get_move_coordinates(row_movement, col_movement)
        print(f"Shape.moved_shape(row, col)...old...{self.coordinates}")
        print(f"Shape.moved_shape(row, col)...new...{new_coordinates}")
        if self.can_move(new_coordinates):
            #print(f"    can move")
            self.clear()
            self.coordinates = new_coordinates
            self.draw()
            return True
        else:
            return False
    
    def remove_column(self, remove_col):
        # generate new coordinates for the move
        #for row, col in self.coordinates:
        #    if col != remove_col:
        #        new_coordinates.append([row, col])
        #self.coordinates = [[row, col] for row, col in self.coordinates if col != remove_col]
        #print(f"=================")
        #print(f"Shape.remove_column({remove_col})")
        #print(f"old = {self.coordinates}")
        new_coordinates = []
        for row, col in self.coordinates:
            if col == remove_col:
                self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, col, " ")
            else:
                new_coordinates.append([row, col])
        self.coordinates = new_coordinates
        #print(f"new = {self.coordinates}")
        #print(f"=================")

    def is_spot_open(self, coordinates):
        """Check if the coordinates are open (i.e. not blocked)."""

        if self.coordinates == coordinates:
            print("Shape.is_spot_open...self == coordinates")
            is_empty = all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) == " " for row, col in coordinates)
            print(f"    Shape.is_spot_open...is_empty = {is_empty}")
            if is_empty:
                return True

            is_same = all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) == self.display_character for row, col in coordinates)
            print(f"    Shape.is_spot_open...is_same = {is_same}")
            return is_same

        # assume you are trying to move the shape one column to the right:
        #   self.coordinates            = [[0, 0], [0, 1], [0, 2]]
        #   coordinates                 = [[0, 1], [0, 2], [0, 3]]
        #   non_overlapping_a           = [[0, 0]]
        #   non_overlapping_b           = [[0, 3]]
        #   non_overlapping_coordinates = [[0, 0], [0, 3]]

        # ignore if the coordinates overlap with itself
        #overlapping_coordinates = [coord for coord in self.coordinates if coord in coordinates]

        # Coordinates in self.coordinates but not in coordinates
        non_overlapping_a = [coord for coord in self.coordinates if coord not in coordinates]

        # Coordinates in coordinates but not in self.coordinates
        non_overlapping_b = [coord for coord in coordinates if coord not in self.coordinates]

        # Combine the non-overlapping coordinates from both shapes
        non_overlapping_coordinates = non_overlapping_a + non_overlapping_b
        
        return all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) == " " for row, col in non_overlapping_b)

        if len(non_overlapping_b) == 0:
            # This will return TRUE:
            #   all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) == " " for row, col in non_overlapping_b)

            # there's no need to move the shape because it's in the same exact spot
            return False
        else:
            return all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) == " " for row, col in non_overlapping_b)

        #find the 'right' side of the coordinates across each row and check that the next column is open
        #return all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(r, c) == " " for r, c in coordinates)

    def is_within_bounds(self, row_count, col_count, coordinates):
        """Check if the coordinates are within the LCD boundary."""
        for row, col in coordinates:
            if col < 0 or col >= col_count or row < 0 or row >= row_count:
                return False
        return True

    def draw(self):
        """Draw the shape on the display."""
        for row, col in self.coordinates:
            self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, col, self.display_character) # Mark the coordinate as occupied
            
    def clear(self):
        """Clear the shape from the display."""
        for row, col in self.coordinates:
            self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, col, " ")  # Clear the coordinate
    
    def drop(self):
        """Quickly move the shape as far right as possible."""
        # the following is a 'slow' update
        while self.moved_shape(0, 1):
            continue

        # move from the farthest column 
        #max_col = max(c for _, c in self.coordinates)
        #c = 0
        #for col in range(max_col + 1, self.physical_virtual_lcd.cols):
        #    new_coordinates = self.get_move_coordinates(0, c + 1)
        #    if self.can_move(new_coordinates):
        #        c += 1
        #    else:
        #        break
        
        #if c > 0:
        #    print("===============")
        #    print(f"c={c}")
        #    print(f"old = {self.coordinates}")
        #    bln_moved = self.moved_shape(0, c)
        #    print(f"new = {self.coordinates}")
        #    print(f"moved = {bln_moved}")
        #    print("===============")

    def rotate(self):
        """Rotate the shape 90 degrees clockwise and adjust for LCD boundaries."""
        # Calculate the pivot point (first coordinate as pivot)
        pivot = self.coordinates[0]
        pivot_row, pivot_col = pivot
        new_coordinates = []

        # Generate new coordinates for rotation
        for row, col in self.coordinates:
            new_row = pivot_row + (col - pivot_col)
            new_col = pivot_col - (row - pivot_row)
            new_coordinates.append([new_row, new_col])

        #print(f"Shape.rotate()...Current Coordinates: {self.coordinates}")
        #print(f"Shape.rotate()...New Coordinates (before adjustment): {new_coordinates}")

        # Calculate min and max row and column values
        min_row = min(r for r, _ in new_coordinates)
        max_row = max(r for r, _ in new_coordinates)
        min_col = min(c for _, c in new_coordinates)
        max_col = max(c for _, c in new_coordinates)

        # Determine adjustments needed to fit the shape into the LCD
        row_shift = 0
        col_shift = 0
        if min_row < 0:
            row_shift = -min_row
        elif max_row >= self.physical_virtual_lcd.rows:
            row_shift = self.physical_virtual_lcd.rows - 1 - max_row

        if min_col < 0:
            col_shift = -min_col
        elif max_col >= self.physical_virtual_lcd.cols:
            col_shift = self.physical_virtual_lcd.cols - 1 - max_col

        # Apply the calculated shifts
        adjusted_coordinates = [[r + row_shift, c + col_shift] for r, c in new_coordinates]

        #print(f"Shape.rotate()...Adjusted Coordinates: {adjusted_coordinates}")

        # Validate the adjusted coordinates
        #valid = True
        #for r, c in adjusted_coordinates:
        #    if r < 0 or r > self.physical_virtual_lcd.rows:
        #        valid = False
        #        break
        #    
        #    if c < 0 or c > self.physical_virtual_lcd.cols:
        #        valid = False
        #        break
        #
        #    if self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(r, c) not in (" ", self.display_character):
        #        print(f"Shape.rotate()...Cell occupied at ({r}, {c}): {self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(r, c)}")
        #        valid = False

        # Apply rotation if valid
        #if valid:
        if self.can_move(adjusted_coordinates):
            print("Shape.rotate()...Rotation valid, applying changes.")
            self.clear()
            self.coordinates = adjusted_coordinates
            self.draw()
        else:
            print("Shape.rotate()...Rotation invalid, no changes made.")

    def copy(self):
        """Create a deep copy of the Shape instance."""
        new_coordinates = [[row, col] for row, col in self.coordinates]
        return Shape(self.display_character, new_coordinates, self.physical_virtual_lcd)

Shape.py

import random
import time
import utime
from Button import Button
from Displays import LCDDisplay
from PhysicalVirtualLCD import *
from Shape import *

class TetrisGame:
    def __init__(self, lcd_display, button_rotate, button_move, button_drop, dict_shape_coordinates):
        self.rows = lcd_display._lcd.num_lines
        self.cols = lcd_display._lcd.num_columns
        self.display = lcd_display
        self.display.clear()
        self.score = 0
        self.score_statistics = {}
        self.current_shape = None
        self.button_rotate = button_rotate
        self.button_move = button_move
        self.button_drop = button_drop

        self.button_rotate.setHandler(self)
        self.button_move.setHandler(self)
        self.button_drop.setHandler(self)

        self.physical_virtual_lcd = PhysicalVirtualLCD(lcd_display)
        
        self.base_shapes = []
        for key, value in dict_shape_coordinates.items():
            self.base_shapes.append(Shape(key, value, self.physical_virtual_lcd))

        self.shapes = []
        
        self.pause_game = False

    def buttonPressed(self, button_name):
        print(f"Button {button_name} pressed.")
        self.pause_game = True  # Pause the game loop temporarily
        
        if "rotate" in button_name.lower():
            self.current_shape.rotate()
        elif "move" in button_name.lower():
            
            # try to move the shape +1 row. If that doesn't work, then try to move the shape -1 row
            if not self.current_shape.moved_shape(1, 0):
                self.current_shape.moved_shape(-1, 0)

        elif "drop" in button_name.lower():
            self.current_shape.drop()
            
        self.pause_game = False  # Resume the game loop

    def buttonReleased(self, button_name):
        print(f"Button {button_name} released.")
        #self.pause_game = False  # Resume the game loop
    
    def get_random_shape(self):
        #print(f"Tetris.get_random_shape()")
        #for shape in self.shapes:
        #    print(f"    {shape.display_character} = {shape.coordinates}")
        return random.choice(self.base_shapes).copy()

    def spawn_shape(self, shape):
        """Spawn a new shape if it fits."""
        print("Tetris.spawn_shape")
        if shape.can_move(shape.coordinates):
            self.current_shape = shape
            shape.draw()
            self.shapes.append(shape)
        else:
            print("TetrisGame.spawn_shape()...Game Over!")
            self.end_game()
    
    def move_current_shape(self):
        """Move the current shape to the right, and spawn a new shape if it reaches the boundary or is blocked."""
        if not self.current_shape:
            return  # No shape to move

        self.pause_game = True
        if not self.current_shape.moved_shape(0, 1):
            self.clear_full_lines()  # Clear any completed lines
            new_shape = self.get_random_shape()
            print("Tetris.move_current_shape")
            if new_shape.can_move(new_shape.coordinates):
                self.spawn_shape(new_shape)  # Spawn a new shape
            else:
                print("TetrisGame.move_current_shape()...Game Over!")
                self.end_game()  # End the game if no space for new shapes
        #else:
        #    self.current_shape.draw()
        self.pause_game = False

    def clear_full_lines(self):
        cleared = 0  # Count cleared columns

        # loop each column and check if all rows are != " ". If true, set that position in mask = True
        for col in range(self.physical_virtual_lcd.cols - 1, 0 - 1, -1):
            if all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) != " " for row in range(self.physical_virtual_lcd.rows)):
                cleared += 1

                #print(f"shape count = {len(self.shapes)}")
                for s in range(len(self.shapes) - 1, 0 - 1, -1):
                    shape = self.shapes[s]
                    shape.remove_column(col)

                    if len(shape.coordinates) == 0:
                        self.shapes.pop(s)

        for shape in self.shapes:
            shape.drop()

        # Update score
        if cleared > 0:
            if not cleared in self.score_statistics:
                self.score_statistics[cleared] = 0
            self.score_statistics[cleared] = self.score_statistics[cleared] + 1
        
        self.score += cleared * cleared
        print(f"Score: {self.score}")
    
    def shift_columns_right(self):
        # start from the right and move left looking for columns that are completely blank
        # if it's blank, then move everythign to the left one position right

        print("===================")
        print("TetrisGame.shift_columns_right()")
        for col in range(self.physical_virtual_lcd.cols - 1, 0 - 1, -1):
            print(f"col={col}")
            if all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) == " " for row in range(self.physical_virtual_lcd.rows)):
                for c in range(col - 1, 0 - 1, -1):
                    for row in range(self.rows):
                        char_to_shift = self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, c)
                        print(f"    from ({row},{c}) = {char_to_shift}")
                        print(f"    to   ({row},{c+1}) = {char_to_shift}")
                        self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, c + 1, char_to_shift)

    def shift_columns_right_OLD(self, start_position):
        """Shift all columns to the right."""

        #print(f"TetrisGame.shift_columns_right({start_position})")

        if start_position > self.cols or start_position < 0:
            print(f"TetrisGame.shift_columns_right(start_position)...start_position = {start_position} is invalid.")
            pass

        # Start from the rightmost column and shift leftwards
        for col in range(start_position - 1, 0 - 1, -1):
            for row in range(self.rows):
                # Move the character from the current column into the next column
                char_to_shift = self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col)
                #print(f"    from ({row},{col}) = {char_to_shift}")
                #print(f"    to   ({row},{col+1}) = {char_to_shift}")
                self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, col + 1, char_to_shift)

        # Clear the leftmost column
        for row in range(self.rows):
            self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, 0, " ")

    def shift_columns_left(self):
        """Shift all columns to the left after clearing one or more full columns."""
        # Iterate over each column, starting from the leftmost column
        for col in range(self.cols):
            # Check if the entire column is empty
            if all(self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, col) == " " for row in range(self.rows)):
                # Shift all columns to the right of this column one step to the left
                for shift_col in range(col, self.cols - 1):
                    for row in range(self.rows):
                        # Move the character from the next column into the current column
                        char_to_shift = self.physical_virtual_lcd.read(row, shift_col + 1)
                        self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, shift_col, char_to_shift)
                
                # Clear the rightmost column after the shift
                for row in range(self.rows):
                    self.physical_virtual_lcd.write(row, self.cols - 1, " ")

    def end_game(self):
        """End the game."""
        print("TetrisGame.end_game()...Game Over!")
        self.current_shape = None

        stats = ""
        for key, value in self.score_statistics.items():
            stats = f"{stats}{key}x{value},"

        stats = stats.rstrip(",")
        self.physical_virtual_lcd.lcd_display.clear()
        self.physical_virtual_lcd.lcd_display.showText(f"Score = {self.score}", row=0)
        self.physical_virtual_lcd.lcd_display.showText(f"{stats}", row=1)

    def countdown(self):
        countdown_num = 1

        self.physical_virtual_lcd.lcd_display.clear()
        for i in range(countdown_num, 0, -1):
            self.physical_virtual_lcd.lcd_display.showText(f"Game starts in {i}", row=0)
            time.sleep(1)
        self.physical_virtual_lcd.lcd_display.clear()

    def play(self):
        self.countdown()

        # start the game with a shape
        #self.spawn_shape(self.get_random_shape())
        #time.sleep(1)

        last_move_time = utime.ticks_ms()
        move_interval = 300

        while True:
            if self.pause_game:
                continue  # Skip the game loop if paused

            current_time = utime.ticks_ms()

            if utime.ticks_diff(current_time, last_move_time) >= move_interval:
                self.move_current_shape()
                last_move_time = current_time

            if not self.current_shape:
                new_shape = self.get_random_shape()
                if new_shape.can_move(new_shape.coordinates):
                    self.spawn_shape(new_shape)
                else:
                    print("TetrisGame.play()...Game Over!")
                    self.end_game()
                    break

Tetris.py

class VirtualLCD:
    def __init__(self, rows=2, cols=16):
        self.rows = rows
        self.cols = cols
        self.buffer = [[" " for _ in range(cols)] for _ in range(rows)]  # Initialize with empty spaces
    
    def write(self, row, col, text):
        """Write text to the virtual LCD at a specific position."""
        #print(f"VirtualLCD.write({row}, {col})...Range({self.rows}, {self.cols})")
        if row > self.rows or col > self.cols:
            print(f"VirtualLCD.write({row}, {col}, {text}) out of range ({self.rows}, {self.cols})")
        else:    
            #print(f"VirtualLCD.write({row}, {col}, {text})")
            for i, char in enumerate(text):
                if col + i < self.cols:  # Ensure we don't go out of bounds
                    self.buffer[row][col + i] = char
    
    def read(self, row, col):
        """Read the character at a specific position."""
        #print(f"VirtualLCD.read({row}, {col})...Range({self.rows}, {self.cols})")
        if row > self.rows or col > self.cols:
            print(f"VirtualLCD.read({row}, {col}) out of range ({self.rows}, {self.cols})")
            return None
        else:
            return self.buffer[row][col]
    
    def display(self):
        """Simulate displaying the buffer on the actual LCD."""
        for row in self.buffer:
            print(''.join(row))  # Simulate display by printing to console

VirtualLCD.py

from VirtualLCD import *

class PhysicalVirtualLCD:
    def __init__(self, lcd_display):
        self.rows = lcd_display._lcd.num_lines
        self.cols = lcd_display._lcd.num_columns
        self.virtual_lcd = VirtualLCD(self.rows, self.cols)
        self.lcd_display = lcd_display
    
    def write(self, row, col, text):
        self.virtual_lcd.write(row, col, text)
        self.lcd_display.showText(text, row, col)
    
    def read(self, row, col):
        return self.virtual_lcd.read(row, col)