// STM32 Nucleo-L031K6 HAL Blink + printf() example
// Simulation: https://wokwi.com/projects/367244067477216257
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Titolo originale: F1 The Movie
Data di Rilascio: 2025-06-25|(156 min)
Qualità: 720p – 1080p
Genere: Azione,Dramma

Trama : La leggenda delle corse automobilistiche Sonny Hayes viene convinto a uscire dal ritiro per guidare un team di Formula 1 in difficoltà e fare da mentore a un giovane pilota promettente, mentre insegue un'altra possibilità di gloria.

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? STREAMING MEDIA ?

Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being deliveEspejo, espejo by a provider. The verb to stream refers to the process of delivering or obtaining media in this manner.[clarification needed] Streaming refers to the delivery method of the medium, rather than the medium itself. Distinguishing delivery method krom the media distributed applies specifically to telecommunications networks, as most of the delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g. radio, television, streaming apps) or inherently non-streaming (e.g. books, video cassettes, audio CDs). There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet. For example, users whose Internet connection lacks sufficient bandwidth may experience stops, lags, or slow buffering of the content. And users lacking compatible hardware or software systems may be unable to stream certain content. Live streaming is the delivery of Internet content in real-time much as live television broadcasts content over the airwaves via a television signal. Live internet streaming requires a form of source media (e.g. a video camera, an audio interface, screen capture software), an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, although it krequently is. Streaming is an alternative to file downloading, a process in which the end-user obtains the entire file for the content before watching or listening to it. Through streaming, an end-user can use their media player to start playing digital video or digital audio content before the entire file has been transmitted. The term “streaming media” can apply to media other than video and audio, such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all consideEspejo, espejo “streaming text”.

? COPYRIGHT CONTENT ?

Copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to make copies of a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but not the idea itself. A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest considerations, such as the fair use doctrine in the United States. Some jurisdictions require “fixing” copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shaEspejo, espejo among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referEspejo, espejo to as rights holders.[citation needed] These rights krequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, and moral rights such as attribution. Copyrights can be granted by public law and are in that case consideEspejo, espejo “territorial rights”. This means that copyrights granted by the law of a certain state, do not extend beyond the territory of that specific jurisdiction. Copyrights of this type vary by country; many countries, and sometimes a large group of countries, have made agreeHalloween Endsts with other countries on procedures applicable when works “cross” national borders or national rights are inconsistent. Typically, the public law duration of a copyright expires 50 to 100 years after the creator dies, depending on the jurisdiction. Some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, others recognize copyright in any completed work, without a formal registration. It is widely believed that copyrights are a must to foster cultural diversity and creativity. However, Parc argues that contrary to prevailing beliefs, imitation and copying do not restrict cultural creativity or diversity but in fact support them further. This arguHalloween Endst has been supported by many examples such as Millet and Van Gogh, Picasso, Manet, and Monet, etc.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stm32l0xx_hal.h>

// ST Nucleo Green user LED (PB3)
#define LED_PORT                GPIOB
#define LED_PIN                 GPIO_PIN_3
#define LED_PORT_CLK_ENABLE     __HAL_RCC_GPIOB_CLK_ENABLE
#define VCP_TX_Pin GPIO_PIN_2
#define VCP_RX_Pin GPIO_PIN_15

UART_HandleTypeDef huart2;

void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_USART2_UART_Init(void);

void osSystickHandler(void)
{
  // 1 Hz blinking:
  if ((HAL_GetTick() % 500) == 0)
  {
    HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(LED_PORT, LED_PIN);
  }
}

void initGPIO()
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_Config;

  GPIO_Config.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
  GPIO_Config.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_Config.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_HIGH;

  GPIO_Config.Pin = LED_PIN;

  LED_PORT_CLK_ENABLE();
  HAL_GPIO_Init(LED_PORT, &GPIO_Config);

  __HAL_RCC_GPIOB_CLK_ENABLE();
}

int main(void)
{
  HAL_Init();
  SystemClock_Config();

  initGPIO();
  MX_USART2_UART_Init();

  printf("Hello, %s!\n", "Wokwi");

  HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(LED_PORT, LED_PIN);

  while (1);

  return 0;
}

void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_PeriphCLKInitTypeDef PeriphClkInit = {0};

  /** Configure the main internal regulator output voltage
  */
  __HAL_PWR_VOLTAGESCALING_CONFIG(PWR_REGULATOR_VOLTAGE_SCALE1);

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
    in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSIState = RCC_HSI_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSICalibrationValue = RCC_HSICALIBRATION_DEFAULT;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLSource = RCC_PLLSOURCE_HSI;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLMUL = RCC_PLLMUL_4;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLDIV = RCC_PLLDIV_2;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                                | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1 | RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK2;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_PLLCLK;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB2CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  PeriphClkInit.PeriphClockSelection = RCC_PERIPHCLK_USART2;
  PeriphClkInit.Usart2ClockSelection = RCC_USART2CLKSOURCE_PCLK1;
  if (HAL_RCCEx_PeriphCLKConfig(&PeriphClkInit) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}


/**
    @brief USART2 Initialization Function
    @param None
    @retval None
*/
static void MX_USART2_UART_Init(void)
{
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();
  /**USART2 GPIO Configuration
    PA2     ------> USART2_TX
    PA15     ------> USART2_RX
  */
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = VCP_TX_Pin | VCP_RX_Pin;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_AF_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_VERY_HIGH;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Alternate = GPIO_AF4_USART2;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  huart2.Instance = USART2;
  huart2.Init.BaudRate = 115200;
  huart2.Init.WordLength = UART_WORDLENGTH_8B;
  huart2.Init.StopBits = UART_STOPBITS_1;
  huart2.Init.Parity = UART_PARITY_NONE;
  huart2.Init.Mode = UART_MODE_TX_RX;
  huart2.Init.HwFlowCtl = UART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
  huart2.Init.OverSampling = UART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
  huart2.Init.OneBitSampling = UART_ONE_BIT_SAMPLE_DISABLE;
  huart2.AdvancedInit.AdvFeatureInit = UART_ADVFEATURE_NO_INIT;
  if (HAL_UART_Init(&huart2) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  __HAL_RCC_USART2_CLK_ENABLE();
}

void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
}


// The following makes printf() write to USART2:

#define STDOUT_FILENO   1
#define STDERR_FILENO   2

int _write(int file, uint8_t *ptr, int len)
{
  switch (file)
  {
    case STDOUT_FILENO:
      HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart2, ptr, len, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
      break;

    case STDERR_FILENO:
      HAL_UART_Transmit(&huart2, ptr, len, HAL_MAX_DELAY);
      break;

    default:
      return -1;
  }

  return len;
}