const int BUTTON_PIN = 2; // Pin connected to the pushbutton
const int LED_PIN    = 13; // Pin connected to the LED

int ledState = LOW;        // Tracks the current output state
int buttonState = HIGH;     // Tracks current reading from the input pin
int lastButtonState = HIGH; // Tracks the previous reading from the input pin
 

void setup() {
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
  // INPUT_PULLUP enables the internal resistor, pulling the pin HIGH by default
  pinMode(BUTTON_PIN, INPUT); 
  
  // Ensure the LED starts in our initial state
  digitalWrite(LED_PIN, ledState);

}

void loop() {
 // Read the current physical state of the button
  buttonState = digitalRead(BUTTON_PIN);

  // Check if the button state has changed (State Change Detection)
  if (buttonState != lastButtonState) {
    
    // Check if the state changed from HIGH to LOW (Button was just pressed)
    if (buttonState == LOW) {
      // Flip the toggle variable
      ledState = !ledState;
      
      // Apply the flipped state to the LED
      digitalWrite(LED_PIN, ledState);
    }
    // Soft debounce delay to let mechanical noise settle
    delay(50);
  }

  // Save the current state as the last state for the next loop iteration
  lastButtonState = buttonState;
}