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This class only knows what commands to send to the LCD, and not how to get them to the LCD. It is expected that a derived class will implement the hal_xxx functions. """ # The following constant names were lifted from the avrlib lcd.h # header file, however, I changed the definitions from bit numbers # to bit masks. # # HD44780 LCD controller command set LCD_CLR = 0x01 # DB0: clear display LCD_HOME = 0x02 # DB1: return to home position LCD_ENTRY_MODE = 0x04 # DB2: set entry mode LCD_ENTRY_INC = 0x02 # --DB1: increment LCD_ENTRY_SHIFT = 0x01 # --DB0: shift LCD_ON_CTRL = 0x08 # DB3: turn lcd/cursor on LCD_ON_DISPLAY = 0x04 # --DB2: turn display on LCD_ON_CURSOR = 0x02 # --DB1: turn cursor on LCD_ON_BLINK = 0x01 # --DB0: blinking cursor LCD_MOVE = 0x10 # DB4: move cursor/display LCD_MOVE_DISP = 0x08 # --DB3: move display (0-> move cursor) LCD_MOVE_RIGHT = 0x04 # --DB2: move right (0-> left) LCD_FUNCTION = 0x20 # DB5: function set LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT = 0x10 # --DB4: set 8BIT mode (0->4BIT mode) LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES = 0x08 # --DB3: two lines (0->one line) LCD_FUNCTION_10DOTS = 0x04 # --DB2: 5x10 font (0->5x7 font) LCD_FUNCTION_RESET = 0x30 # See "Initializing by Instruction" section LCD_CGRAM = 0x40 # DB6: set CG RAM address LCD_DDRAM = 0x80 # DB7: set DD RAM address LCD_RS_CMD = 0 LCD_RS_DATA = 1 LCD_RW_WRITE = 0 LCD_RW_READ = 1 def __init__(self, num_lines, num_columns): self.num_lines = num_lines if self.num_lines > 4: self.num_lines = 4 self.num_columns = num_columns if self.num_columns > 40: self.num_columns = 40 self.cursor_x = 0 self.cursor_y = 0 self.implied_newline = False self.backlight = True self.display_off() self.backlight_on() self.clear() self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ENTRY_MODE | self.LCD_ENTRY_INC) self.hide_cursor() self.display_on() def clear(self): """Clears the LCD display and moves the cursor to the top left corner. """ self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CLR) self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_HOME) self.cursor_x = 0 self.cursor_y = 0 def show_cursor(self): """Causes the cursor to be made visible.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY | self.LCD_ON_CURSOR) def hide_cursor(self): """Causes the cursor to be hidden.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY) def blink_cursor_on(self): """Turns on the cursor, and makes it blink.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY | self.LCD_ON_CURSOR | self.LCD_ON_BLINK) def blink_cursor_off(self): """Turns on the cursor, and makes it no blink (i.e. be solid).""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY | self.LCD_ON_CURSOR) def display_on(self): """Turns on (i.e. unblanks) the LCD.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY) def display_off(self): """Turns off (i.e. blanks) the LCD.""" self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL) def backlight_on(self): """Turns the backlight on. This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command. """ self.backlight = True self.hal_backlight_on() def backlight_off(self): """Turns the backlight off. This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command. """ self.backlight = False self.hal_backlight_off() def move_to(self, cursor_x, cursor_y): """Moves the cursor position to the indicated position. The cursor position is zero based (i.e. cursor_x == 0 indicates first column). """ self.cursor_x = cursor_x self.cursor_y = cursor_y addr = cursor_x & 0x3f if cursor_y & 1: addr += 0x40 # Lines 1 & 3 add 0x40 if cursor_y & 2: # Lines 2 & 3 add number of columns addr += self.num_columns self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_DDRAM | addr) def putchar(self, char): """Writes the indicated character to the LCD at the current cursor position, and advances the cursor by one position. """ if char == '\n': if self.implied_newline: # self.implied_newline means we advanced due to a wraparound, # so if we get a newline right after that we ignore it. pass else: self.cursor_x = self.num_columns else: self.hal_write_data(ord(char)) self.cursor_x += 1 if self.cursor_x >= self.num_columns: self.cursor_x = 0 self.cursor_y += 1 self.implied_newline = (char != '\n') if self.cursor_y >= self.num_lines: self.cursor_y = 0 self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y) def putstr(self, string): """Write the indicated string to the LCD at the current cursor position and advances the cursor position appropriately. """ for char in string: self.putchar(char) def custom_char(self, location, charmap): """Write a character to one of the 8 CGRAM locations, available as chr(0) through chr(7). """ location &= 0x7 self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CGRAM | (location << 3)) self.hal_sleep_us(40) for i in range(8): self.hal_write_data(charmap[i]) self.hal_sleep_us(40) self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y) def hal_backlight_on(self): """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on. If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ pass def hal_backlight_off(self): """Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off. If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ pass def hal_write_command(self, cmd): """Write a command to the LCD. It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ raise NotImplementedError def hal_write_data(self, data): """Write data to the LCD. It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this function. """ raise NotImplementedError def hal_sleep_us(self, usecs): """Sleep for some time (given in microseconds).""" time.sleep_us(usecs)55:Td3f,"""Source: Instructables, Tom's Hardware and GitHub """ """Not Authored by Dr. Sengupta """ import utime import gc from lcd_api import LcdApi from machine import I2C # PCF8574 pin definitions MASK_RS = 0x01 # P0 MASK_RW = 0x02 # P1 MASK_E = 0x04 # P2 SHIFT_BACKLIGHT = 3 # P3 SHIFT_DATA = 4 # P4-P7 class I2cLcd(LcdApi): #Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via PCF8574 on I2C def __init__(self, i2c, i2c_addr, num_lines, num_columns): self.i2c = i2c self.i2c_addr = i2c_addr self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([0])) utime.sleep_ms(20) # Allow LCD time to powerup # Send reset 3 times self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET) utime.sleep_ms(5) # Need to delay at least 4.1 msec self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET) utime.sleep_ms(1) self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET) utime.sleep_ms(1) # Put LCD into 4-bit mode self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION) utime.sleep_ms(1) LcdApi.__init__(self, num_lines, num_columns) cmd = self.LCD_FUNCTION if num_lines > 1: cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES self.hal_write_command(cmd) gc.collect() def hal_write_init_nibble(self, nibble): # Writes an initialization nibble to the LCD. # This particular function is only used during initialization. byte = ((nibble >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte])) gc.collect() def hal_backlight_on(self): # Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([1 << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT])) gc.collect() def hal_backlight_off(self): #Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([0])) gc.collect() def hal_write_command(self, cmd): # Write a command to the LCD. Data is latched on the falling edge of E. byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | (((cmd >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte])) byte = ((self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | ((cmd & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte])) if cmd <= 3: # The home and clear commands require a worst case delay of 4.1 msec utime.sleep_ms(5) gc.collect() def hal_write_data(self, data): # Write data to the LCD. Data is latched on the falling edge of E. byte = (MASK_RS | (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | (((data >> 4) & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte])) byte = (MASK_RS | (self.backlight << SHIFT_BACKLIGHT) | ((data & 0x0f) << SHIFT_DATA)) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte | MASK_E])) self.i2c.writeto(self.i2c_addr, bytes([byte])) gc.collect()56:T1efc,""" # Displays.py # A collection of various text-based displays # Note - as of 7/31/24 only the LCDDisplay is implemented in this module # Use OtherDisplays.py, GraphicDisplays.py and GraphicLCD.py for the rest # Supports LCD 1602 displays - both using an i2c backpack as well as GPIO # Only supports number and basic text displays # Author: Arijit Sengupta """ from machine import Pin, I2C, SPI import time from Log import * class Display: """ The Display Base class - might not actually be needed But here to ensure we do not have a duckTyping problem """ def reset(self): Log.e(f"reset NOT IMPLEMENTED in {type(self).__name__}") def clear(self): self.reset() def showNumber(self, number): Log.e(f"showNumber NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}") def showText(self, text): Log.e(f"showText NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}") def scroll(self, text, speed=250): Log.e(f"Scroll NOT IMPLEMENTED! in {type(self).__name__}") class LCDDisplay(Display): """ LCD Display class - currently supports displays with an I2C backpack as well as displays directly driven via the d4-d7 pins Parameters -------- This is important since Python does not have method overloading, we have one init to do both parallel as well as i2c displays pass rs, e, d4, d5, d6, d7 pin numbers for parallel displays pass sda and scl for i2c displays - default is to use parallel so must pass both sda/scl if using i2c To connect the display to I2C 0 on GPIO pins 0,1 usage: LCDDisplay(sda=0, scl=1) To connect the display to I2C ID 1 on GPIO pins 2,3 usage: LCDDisplay(sda=2, scl=3) To connect via parallel with rs on pin 5, e on pin 4 and d4,d5,d6,d7 to pins 3,2,1 and 0: usage: LCDDisplay() # yeah those are the default so you don't need to send usage: LCDDisplay(rs=5, e=4, d4=3, d5=2, d6=1, d7=0) # preferred - you can see how its hooked up """ def __init__(self, rs=5, e=4, d4=3, d5=2, d6=1, d7=0, *, sda=-1, scl=-1): """ Combined constructor for the direct-driven displays explicitly pass in the sda and scl if you need to use I2C """ if sda < 0: Log.i("LCDDisplay Constructor") from gpio_lcd import GpioLcd self._lcd = GpioLcd(rs_pin=Pin(rs), enable_pin=Pin(e), d4_pin=Pin(d4), d5_pin=Pin(d5), d6_pin=Pin(d6), d7_pin=Pin(d7), num_lines=2, num_columns=16) else: Log.i("LCDDisplay (I2C) Constructor") """ Lets determine the i2c id from the sda and scl pins """ i2cid = -1 # lets set an invalid value to start with if (sda == 0 and scl == 1) or (sda == 4 and scl == 5) or (sda == 8 and scl == 9) or (sda == 12 and scl == 13) or (sda == 16 and scl == 17) or (sda == 20 and scl == 21): i2cid = 0 elif (sda == 2 and scl == 3) or (sda == 6 and scl == 7) or (sda == 10 and scl == 11) or (sda == 14 and scl == 15) or (sda == 18 and scl == 19) or (sda == 26 and scl == 27): i2cid = 1 else: raise ValueError('Invalid SDA/SCL pins') i2c = I2C(i2cid, sda=Pin(sda), scl=Pin(scl), freq=400000) try: I2C_ADDR = i2c.scan()[0] from pico_i2c_lcd import I2cLcd self._lcd = I2cLcd(i2c, I2C_ADDR, 2, 16) except: raise ValueError('Could not connect to display - check wiring.') self._working = False def reset(self): """ clear the display screen """ Log.i("LCDDisplay: reset") self._lcd.clear() self._working = False def clear(self, line=-1): """ Clear only a single line - negative to reset """ if line < 0 or line > 1: self.reset() else: self.showText(f'{" "*16}',line) def showNumber(self, number, row=0, col=0): """ show a single number """ if self._working: Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy") return self._working = True Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - showing number {number} at {row},{col}") self._lcd.move_to(col, row) self._lcd.putstr(f"{number}") self._working = False def showNumbers(self, num1, num2, colon=True, row=0, col=0): """ Show two numbers optionally separated by a colon by default, the colon is shown """ if self._working: Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy") return self._working = True Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - showing numbers {num1}, {num2} at {row},{col}") self._lcd.move_to(col, row) colsym = ":" if colon else " " self._lcd.putstr(f"{num1}{colsym}{num2}") self._working = False def showText(self, text, row=0, col=0): """ Show a string - only first 4 characters will be shown for anything bigger than 4 characters. """ if self._working: Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy") return self._working = True Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - showing text {text} at {row},{col}") self._lcd.move_to(col, row) self._lcd.putstr(text) self._working = False def addShape(self, position, shapearray): """ Add a custom character at a position. position must be between 0 and 7 shapearray needs to be a bytearray that can be created by going to https://maxpromer.github.io/LCD-Character-Creator/ and then copying the bytes into a bytearray as a list of hex values as in the example below: d.addShape(1, [0x00,0x0A,0x0A,0x00,0x11,0x0E,0x04,0x00]) # a smiley face d.showText(chr(1), 0,5) # show the smiley face at position 5 of row 0 """ if position < 0 or position > 7: raise ValueError('Position must be between 0 and 7.') if len(shapearray) != 8: raise ValueError('Make sure array is exactly 8 bytes') self._lcd.custom_char(position, shapearray) def scroll(self, text, row=0, speed=100, skip=2): """ A very simple scroll implementation Scrolls some text right to left in a row speed is essentially the delay between refresh - lower the better skip is the number of chars to skip for the next refresh higher number will be faster but may be jerky. lower will be smooth but slower. I2C devices may not have best scrolling performance. Works better with GPIO-driven displays """ if self._working: Log.e("LCDDisplay - Display busy") return self._working = True Log.i(f"LCDDisplay - scrolling text {text} in row {row}") for p in range(0,len(text)+skip, skip): curst = (text+' '*(16+skip))[p:p+16] for c in range(16,0,-1): self._lcd.move_to(c-1, row) self._lcd.putchar(curst[c-1]) time.sleep(speed/1000) self._working = False """ Example usage of the LCDDisplay class This part is not executed when the module is imported, but can be used for testing. """ if __name__ == "__main__": # Test the LCDDisplay class try: lcd = LCDDisplay(sda=0, scl=1) # Change to your I2C pins lcd.showText("Hello World", 0, 0) time.sleep(2) lcd.showNumber(1234, 1, 0) time.sleep(2) lcd.scroll("Scrolling Text Example", 0, speed=100, skip=2) time.sleep(2) lcd.clear() except Exception as e: Log.e(f"Error: {e}")57:T9d7,""" Keypad.py - a simple implementation of a mxn keypad typically used for providing input to microcontrollers This is a fairly simple implementation and does use a blocking scan, so cannot use this for detecting multi-presses # Author: Arijit Sengupta """ from machine import Pin import utime default_keys = [ ['1','2','3','A'], ['4','5','6','B'], ['7','8','9','C'], ['*','0','#','D'] ] class Keypad: """ Keypad is a mxn matrix - read by turning the rows into outputs and columns into inputs. Read by setting each row high one at a time, then checking which column became high and returning the value at the column. These come in many sizes, so keeping it at least somewhat flexible to support keypads of different types, but defaulting to the standard hex keypads that are most commonly available. """ def __init__(self, row_pins, col_pins): """ Initialize the keypad - send in the pin numbers that connect the rows and pin numbers that connect the columns """ self._lastscan = 0 self._rows = len(row_pins) self._cols = len(col_pins) self._row_pins = [None] * self._rows self._col_pins = [None] * self._cols self._keys = default_keys for r in range(0, self._rows): self._row_pins[r] = Pin(row_pins[r], Pin.OUT) for c in range(0, self._cols): self._col_pins[c] = Pin(col_pins[c], Pin.IN, Pin.PULL_DOWN) def setKeys(self, keys = default_keys): """ Set the keys if they are not the default hex keypad """ self._keys = keys def scanKey(self,delay=250)->str: """ Scan the keypad once and return if anything is detected to be pressed. returns None if nothing is pressed. To avoid multi-presses, if a request comes from scanKey within delay ms of the last valid scan, we are going to return None """ if utime.ticks_ms()-self._lastscan < delay: return None for rowKey in range(self._rows): self._row_pins[rowKey].value(1) for colKey in range(self._cols): if self._col_pins[colKey].value() == 1: key = self._keys[rowKey][colKey] self._row_pins[rowKey].value(0) self._lastscan = utime.ticks_ms() return(key) self._row_pins[rowKey].value(0) return None 58:Tdca,""" # Log.py # A simplistic Logging process. Built to kind of mimic the # Android Logging process, but at the same time having a global level # set to see the types of logs being displayed. # Author: Jit Sengupta Basic usage: Log.level = DEBUG # set global log level # Options are: ALL/INFO (everything) DEBUG (debug and higher), ERRO (only errors) Log.i(f'help') # Info message: f-strings recommended for showing variables Log.d(f'value: {v}') # Debug message Log.e(f'Exception: {x}') # Error message Log.name('Myproject') # Set a global project name """ """ Debug levels """ ALL = 5 # All messages are displayed INFO = 4 # Info and higher shown DEBUG = 3 # Debug, warn, error shown WARN = 2 # Warn and error shown WARNING = 2 # Alias for WARN ERROR = 1 # Only error messages shown NONE = 0 # No messages are shown from log classes class Log: name = '' level = ALL SAVE = False @classmethod def i(cls, message): if (cls.level >= INFO): Log.pr(message) @classmethod def d(cls, message): if (cls.level >= DEBUG): Log.pr(message) @classmethod def w(cls, message): if (cls.level >= WARN): Log.pr(message) if getattr(cls, 'SAVE', False): import time t = time.localtime() timestamp = "{:04d}-{:02d}-{:02d} {:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}".format(t[0], t[1], t[2], t[3], t[4], t[5]) with open('pico.log', 'a') as f: if cls.name: f.write(f"{timestamp} - WARN - {cls.name}: {message}\n") else: f.write(f"{timestamp} - WARN - {message}\n") @classmethod def e(cls, message): if (cls.level >= ERROR): Log.pr(message) if getattr(cls, 'SAVE', False): import time t = time.localtime() timestamp = "{:04d}-{:02d}-{:02d} {:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}".format(t[0], t[1], t[2], t[3], t[4], t[5]) with open('pico.log', 'a') as f: if cls.name: f.write(f"{timestamp} - {cls.name}: {message}\n") else: f.write(f"{timestamp} - {message}\n") @classmethod def pr(cls, message): if cls.name: m = cls.name + ": " + message else: m = message print(m) if __name__ == '__main__': print("Hello") Log.level = ALL Log.name = 'Test' Log.i(f'This should print (level: {Log.level})') Log.w(f'This warning should print (level: {Log.level})') Log.level = WARN Log.i(f'This info should NOT print (level: {Log.level})') Log.w(f'This warning should print at WARN level (level: {Log.level})') Log.e(f'This error should print at WARN level (level: {Log.level})') Log.level = ERROR Log.i(f'This should NOT print (level: {Log.level})') Log.w(f'This warning should NOT print at ERROR level (level: {Log.level})') Log.e(f'This should print (level: {Log.level})') # Test SAVE feature Log.SAVE = True Log.e("This is a saved error log message") Log.SAVE = False # Verify file was written try: with open("pico.log", "r") as f: content = f.read() print("pico.log content:") print(content) import os os.remove("pico.log") except OSError: pass Log.i("Testing complete - all checks passed") 59:T18fa,""" # Buzzer.py - Object-oriented implementation of active and passive buzzers # Author: Arijit Sengupta """ import time from machine import Pin, PWM from Log import * class Buzzer: """ A simple buzzer class - use it to play and pause different sounds ranging from fequencies 10 through 10000 default volume is half volume - set it between 0 and 10 """ def __init__(self, pin, name='Buzzer'): """ Base class init - we don't do anything with the pin here """ self._name = name def beep(self, tone=500, duration=150): """ Beep the buzzer with the given tone for duration ms """ Log.i(f"Beeping {self._name} at {tone}hz for {duration} ms") self.play(tone) time.sleep(duration / 1000) self.stop() def play(self, tone=500): """ Stub for playing a tone - implemented in subclasses """ pass def stop(self): """ Stub for stopping - implemented in subclasses """ pass class ActiveBuzzer(Buzzer): """ An active buzzer has an internal oscillator that plays a fixed tone when power is applied Cannot control the tone. Only turn on and off. """ def __init__(self, pin, name='Buzzer'): super().__init__(pin, name) self._buz = Pin(pin, Pin.OUT) def play(self, tone=500): """ Play sound. Tone is ignored. """ Log.i(f"Start playing {self._name}") self._buz.value(1) def stop(self): """ Stop the sound. """ Log.i(f"Stop playing {self._name}") self._buz.value(0) class PassiveBuzzer(Buzzer): """ A passive buzzer does not have an internal oscillator. MC needs to send a PWM signal to play tones. The tone is controlled by the frequency of the PWM, and the volume level is controlled by the duty cycle. Setting duty cycle to 0 stops sound. """ MAX = 32767 # Max value for duty cycle def __init__(self, pin, name='Buzzer'): Log.i("PassiveBuzzer: constructor") super().__init__(pin, name) self._buz = PWM(Pin(pin)) self._volume = 0.5 # Default volume is half self._playing = False self.stop() def play(self, tone=500): """ play the supplied tone. """ Log.i(f"{self._name}: playing tone {tone}") self._buz.freq(tone) self._buz.duty_u16(int(self._volume * self.MAX)) self._playing = True def stop(self): """ Stop playing sound """ Log.i(f"{self._name}: stopping tone") self._buz.duty_u16(0) self._playing = False def setVolume(self, volume=0.5): """ Change the volume of the sound currently playing and future plays. Volume is between 0 and 1. Volume 0 is silent, volume 1 is max volume. Note that this is not a linear and towards the lower end, the sound drops off quickly. At the higher end, the sound increases slowly, and might only be noticeable when volume is set to max. """ Log.i(f"{self._name}: changing volume to {volume}") self._volume = volume if (self._playing): self._buz.duty_u16(int(self._volume * self.MAX)) # Known tones from https://github.com/james1236/buzzer_music tones = { 'C0':16, 'C#0':17, 'D0':18, 'D#0':19, 'E0':21, 'F0':22, 'F#0':23, 'G0':24, 'G#0':26, 'A0':28, 'A#0':29, 'B0':31, 'C1':33, 'C#1':35, 'D1':37, 'D#1':39, 'E1':41, 'F1':44, 'F#1':46, 'G1':49, 'G#1':52, 'A1':55, 'A#1':58, 'B1':62, 'C2':65, 'C#2':69, 'D2':73, 'D#2':78, 'E2':82, 'F2':87, 'F#2':92, 'G2':98, 'G#2':104, 'A2':110, 'A#2':117, 'B2':123, 'C3':131, 'C#3':139, 'D3':147, 'D#3':156, 'E3':165, 'F3':175, 'F#3':185, 'G3':196, 'G#3':208, 'A3':220, 'A#3':233, 'B3':247, 'C4':262, 'C#4':277, 'D4':294, 'D#4':311, 'E4':330, 'F4':349, 'F#4':370, 'G4':392, 'G#4':415, 'A4':440, 'A#4':466, 'B4':494, 'C5':523, 'C#5':554, 'D5':587, 'D#5':622, 'E5':659, 'F5':698, 'F#5':740, 'G5':784, 'G#5':831, 'A5':880, 'A#5':932, 'B5':988, 'C6':1047, 'C#6':1109, 'D6':1175, 'D#6':1245, 'E6':1319, 'F6':1397, 'F#6':1480, 'G6':1568, 'G#6':1661, 'A6':1760, 'A#6':1865, 'B6':1976, 'C7':2093, 'C#7':2217, 'D7':2349, 'D#7':2489, 'E7':2637, 'F7':2794, 'F#7':2960, 'G7':3136, 'G#7':3322, 'A7':3520, 'A#7':3729, 'B7':3951, 'C8':4186, 'C#8':4435, 'D8':4699, 'D#8':4978, 'E8':5274, 'F8':5588, 'F#8':5920, 'G8':6272, 'G#8':6645, 'A8':7040, 'A#8':7459, 'B8':7902, 'C9':8372, 'C#9':8870, 'D9':9397, 'D#9':9956, 'E9':10548, 'F9':11175, 'F#9':11840, 'G9':12544, 'G#9':13290, 'A9':14080, 'A#9':14917, 'B9':15804 } # Some basic do re mi tones DO = tones['C4'] RE = tones['D4'] MI = tones['E4'] FA = tones['F4'] SO = tones['G4'] LA = tones['A4'] TI = tones['B4'] DO2 = tones['C5'] ### The following code is for testing purposes only ### To use this code, add an Active Buzzer on Pin 14 ### and a Passive Buzzer on Pin 15 Then run the module directly if __name__ == "__main__": Log.i("Testing Active Buzzer") active_buzzer = ActiveBuzzer(14, "TestActiveBuzzer") active_buzzer.play() time.sleep(1) active_buzzer.stop() Log.i("Testing Passive Buzzer") buzzer = PassiveBuzzer(16, "TestBuzzer") buzzer.play(DO) time.sleep(1) buzzer.stop() buzzer.setVolume(0.2) buzzer.play(RE) time.sleep(1) buzzer.stop() buzzer.setVolume(0) buzzer.play(MI) # Should not sound time.sleep(1) buzzer.stop() # Test volume change Log.i("Testing volume change") for v in range(0, 11): buzzer.setVolume(v / 10) buzzer.play(FA) time.sleep(0.5) # Play do re mi Log.i("Playing Do Re Mi") buzzer.setVolume(0.5) for note in [DO, RE, MI, FA, SO, LA, TI, DO2]: buzzer.play(note) time.sleep(0.5) buzzer.stop()5a:T1971,""" # Lights.py # implementation of different types of lights # both digitally controlled (on/off) # or PWM-controlled (dimming) to set brightness # Author: Arijit Sengupta """ import time try: from machine import Pin, PWM except ImportError: class Pin: IN = 0 OUT = 1 def __init__(self, id, mode=-1, value=None): self.id = id self.mode = mode self._val = 0 def __call__(self, val=None): if val is not None: self._val = val return self._val def value(self, val=None): return self.__call__(val) def toggle(self): self._val = 1 if self._val == 0 else 0 return self._val class PWM: def __init__(self, pin): self.pin = pin self._duty = 0 def freq(self, f): pass def duty_u16(self, val): self._duty = val from Log import * MAX = 65535 # Some color definitions - shared by DimLight and LightStrip # May eventually move to a separate module BLACK = (0, 0, 0) RED = (255, 0, 0) ORANGE = (255, 60, 0) YELLOW = (255, 200, 0) GREEN = (0, 255, 0) BLUE = (0, 0, 255) PURPLE = (180, 0, 255) CYAN = (0, 255, 255) INDIGO = (75, 0, 130) WHITE = (255, 255, 255) COLORS = (BLACK, RED, YELLOW, GREEN, CYAN, BLUE, PURPLE, WHITE, ORANGE) class Light: """ The Light base class - just an LED controlled by a digital IO Pin. Save the pin in an instance variable """ def __init__(self, pin, name="Unnamed", active_high=True): """ Light constructor - save the pin and set it to OUTPUT mode pin is the NUMBER of the pin that the LED is connected to. So if connecting to GP21, pass the value 21 to pin name is an optional name of the light active_high is True for active-HIGH LEDs (default), False for active-LOW LEDs """ Log.i(f"Light: constructor") self._name = name self._pin = pin self._active_high = active_high self._blinking = False self._led = Pin(self._pin, Pin.OUT) # We need this to use the IO functions self.off() def on(self): """ on: Turn the light on """ Log.i(f"Light: turning on {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}") self._led.value(1 if self._active_high else 0) def off(self): """ off: turn the light off """ Log.i(f"Light: turning off {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}") self._led.value(0 if self._active_high else 1) def flip(self): """ flip: turn off if it was on, on if it was off """ Log.i(f"Light: Toggling {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}") if self.isOn(): self.off() else: self.on() def blink(self, delay=0.5, times=1): """ blink: turn on for delay sec, off for delay sec [times] times""" Log.i(f"Light: Blink {self._name} {times} times for {delay} sec") for x in range(0,times): self.on() time.sleep(delay) self.off() time.sleep(delay) def isOn(self)->bool: """ Check to see if the light is on or off """ return self._led.value() == (1 if self._active_high else 0) class DimLight(Light): """ The Dimmable Light subclass - will have the standard on off methods and in addition will have the ability to set brightness """ def __init__(self, pin, name="Unnamed", active_high=True): """ Dimmable light constructor """ Log.i("Dimmable light constructor") super().__init__(pin, name, active_high=active_high) self._pwm = PWM(self._led) # Create an instance of PWM object (pulse-width modulation) self._pwm.freq(100000) # set frequency to 100 khz self._onState = False self._running = False def on(self): """ Turn on - full brightness max is 255 """ self._running = False self._onState = True Log.i(f"Dimlight: turn Light {self._name} on (full brightness)") self.setBrightness(1) def off(self): """ Turn off - set brightness to 0 """ self._running = False self._onState = False Log.i(f"Dimlight - turn Light {self._name} off (brightness 0)") self.setBrightness(0) def flip(self): """ flip: turn off if it was on, on if it was off """ Log.i(f"Light: Toggling {self._name} light at pin {self._pin}") if self._onState: self.off() else: self.on() def setBrightness(self, brightness): """ Set brightness to a specific level 0-1 """ Log.i(f"Dimlight: setting Light {self._name} brightness to {brightness}") duty = MAX if brightness == 1 else int(MAX * brightness) if not self._active_high: duty = MAX - duty self._pwm.duty_u16(duty) if brightness < 0.05: self._onState = False else: self._onState = True def upDown(self): """ # Do a quick demo of going up and down full brightness levels # Here it is better to use ChangeDutyCycle """ Log.i(f"Dimlight: do an up-down demo on Light {self._name}") self._running = True dc = 0 for i in range (0, 10): if not self._running: break dc += 0.1 self.setBrightness(dc) time.sleep_ms(100) for i in range (0, 10): if not self._running: break dc -= 0.1 if dc < 0: dc = 0 self.setBrightness(dc) time.sleep_ms(100) self._running = False ## The following code is for testing purposes only if __name__ == "__main__": # Create a light and turn it on light = Light('LED', "Test Light") print(light) light.on() time.sleep(1) light.off() # Create a dimmable light and set brightness dim_light = DimLight(3, "Test Dim Light") print(dim_light) dim_light.on() time.sleep(1) dim_light.setBrightness(0.5) # Set brightness to 50% time.sleep(1) dim_light.off() # Test updown functionality dim_light.upDown() # Turn off the lights light.off() dim_light.off() Log.i("Testing complete - all lights turned off")5b:T70ed,""" # TerminalEmulator.py # Terminal emulator for microcontrollers using Display and Keypad to emulate Python print and input # Author: Jit Sengupta """ import sys import random from Log import * class TerminalEmulator: """ **TerminalEmulator** provides a text-based terminal console abstraction over hardware displays (such as the 16x2 `LCDDisplay`) and matrix keypads (such as the 4x4 `Keypad`). It emulates standard Python `print()` and `input()` semantics, including: - Text output with configurable separator (`sep`) and line terminator (`end`). - Character wrapping and vertical scrolling when text reaches or exceeds screen bounds. - Character input with literal key mapping ('0'-'9', 'A'-'D'). - In-line visual cursor ('_'). - Backspace editing ('*') and Enter completion ('#'). - Scrollback buffer enabling reverse un-scrolling on backspace across line boundaries. Parameters: ---------- display : Display, optional A display instance providing `showText()` and `clear()`. Defaults to `LCDDisplay` (default: None). keypad : Keypad, optional A keypad instance providing `scanKey()`. Defaults to `Keypad` (default: None). rows : int, optional Number of display text rows (default: 2). cols : int, optional Number of display text columns (default: 16). cursor_char : str, optional Character used as cursor during input prompt, or None to disable cursor (default: '_'). **kwargs : dict, optional Additional hardware options forwarded when constructing default display or keypad instances. E.g. `sda`, `scl` for I2C LCD, or `row_pins`, `col_pins` for Keypad. Examples: --------- 1. Basic setup with default LCD and Keypad: ```python term = TerminalEmulator() term.print("Hello Pico!") pin = term.input("Enter PIN: ") term.print("PIN is:", pin) ``` 2. Custom LCD and Keypad instances: ```python lcd = LCDDisplay(sda=0, scl=1) keypad = Keypad([2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]) term = TerminalEmulator(display=lcd, keypad=keypad, rows=2, cols=16) term.print("System Ready") name = term.input("ID: ") ``` """ def __init__(self, display=None, keypad=None, rows=2, cols=16, cursor_char='_', **kwargs): """ Initialize the TerminalEmulator with display, keypad, and screen dimensions. Parameters: ---------- display : Display, optional Display driver instance (default: None, instantiates LCDDisplay). keypad : Keypad, optional Keypad driver instance (default: None, instantiates Keypad). rows : int, optional Display row count (default: 2). cols : int, optional Display column count (default: 16). cursor_char : str, optional Cursor glyph displayed during input (default: '_'). **kwargs : dict, optional Optional pin configuration for default hardware construction. Examples: --------- 1. Initialize with default hardware: ```python term = TerminalEmulator() ``` 2. Initialize with existing display and keypad: ```python term = TerminalEmulator(display=my_lcd, keypad=my_keypad) ``` """ Log.i(f"TerminalEmulator: initializing ({rows}x{cols})") self._rows = rows self._cols = cols self._cursor_char = cursor_char self._cursor_row = 0 self._cursor_col = 0 self._pending_scroll = False self._last_seed_delay = None self._history = [] self._screen = [" " * self._cols for _ in range(self._rows)] # Lazy initialize display if not provided if display is None: try: from Displays import LCDDisplay Log.i("TerminalEmulator: creating default LCDDisplay") self._display = LCDDisplay(**kwargs) if kwargs else LCDDisplay(sda=0,scl=1) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: default LCDDisplay unavailable ({e})") self._display = None else: self._display = display # Lazy initialize keypad if not provided if keypad is None: try: from Keypad import Keypad row_pins = kwargs.get('row_pins', [16,17,18,19]) col_pins = kwargs.get('col_pins', [20,21,22,26]) Log.i("TerminalEmulator: creating default Keypad") self._keypad = Keypad(row_pins, col_pins) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: default Keypad unavailable ({e})") self._keypad = None else: self._keypad = keypad # Reset display screen if available if self._display: try: self._display.clear() except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: error clearing display: {e}") @property def rows(self) -> int: """ Return the number of display rows. Examples: --------- 1. Query row count: ```python r = term.rows ``` """ return self._rows @property def cols(self) -> int: """ Return the number of display columns. Examples: --------- 1. Query column count: ```python c = term.cols ``` """ return self._cols @property def cursor_position(self) -> tuple: """ Return the current cursor position as a `(row, col)` tuple. Examples: --------- 1. Query cursor location: ```python row, col = term.cursor_position ``` """ if self._pending_scroll: return (self._rows - 1, 0) return (self._cursor_row, self._cursor_col) @property def last_seed_delay(self): """ Return the delay (in milliseconds) used to seed `random` during the last `input()` call. Examples: --------- 1. Query last seed delay: ```python delay = term.last_seed_delay ``` """ return self._last_seed_delay def set_cursor(self, row: int, col: int): """ Explicitly set the cursor position. Parameters: ---------- row : int Target row index (0-indexed). col : int Target column index (0-indexed). Examples: --------- 1. Move cursor to origin: ```python term.set_cursor(0, 0) ``` """ self._cursor_row = max(0, min(row, self._rows - 1)) self._cursor_col = max(0, min(col, self._cols)) self._pending_scroll = False def clear(self): """ Clear the terminal display buffer and reset the cursor to (0, 0). Examples: --------- 1. Clear terminal screen: ```python term.clear() ``` """ Log.i("TerminalEmulator: clear screen") self._screen = [" " * self._cols for _ in range(self._rows)] self._history = [] self._cursor_row = 0 self._cursor_col = 0 self._pending_scroll = False if self._display: try: self._display.clear() except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: display.clear() failed: {e}") def get_line(self, row: int) -> str: """ Return the text of a specific row from the screen buffer. Parameters: ---------- row : int Row index (0-indexed). Examples: --------- 1. Inspect top row content: ```python line0 = term.get_line(0) ``` """ if 0 <= row < self._rows: return self._screen[row] return "" def get_screen_text(self) -> str: """ Return the current visible screen content as newline-separated strings. Examples: --------- 1. Capture current screen content: ```python screen_dump = term.get_screen_text() ``` """ return "\n".join(self._screen) def print(self, *args, sep=' ', end='\n'): """ Emulate Python `print()` statement on the display. Parameters: ---------- *args : object One or more items to be printed. Converted to string with `str()`. sep : str, optional String separator inserted between arguments (default: ' '). end : str, optional String appended after the last argument (default: '\\n'). Examples: --------- 1. Print a greeting: ```python term.print("Hello World") ``` 2. Print multiple values with custom separator and no trailing newline: ```python term.print("Val", 42, sep="=", end="") ``` """ message = sep.join(str(a) for a in args) + end self.write(message) def write(self, text: str): """ Write raw text into the terminal, handling printable characters, line breaks, backspaces, line wrapping, and vertical scrolling. Parameters: ---------- text : str String of characters to write to the terminal. Examples: --------- 1. Write text directly: ```python term.write("Ready\\n") ``` """ if not text: return i = 0 n = len(text) while i < n: ch = text[i] if ch == '\n': self._newline() i += 1 elif ch == '\r': self._cursor_col = 0 i += 1 elif ch == '\b': self._backspace() i += 1 else: # If scrolling was deferred from a previous newline, execute scroll before new text if self._pending_scroll: self._scroll_up() self._cursor_row = self._rows - 1 self._cursor_col = 0 self._pending_scroll = False elif self._cursor_col >= self._cols: self._newline() if self._pending_scroll: self._scroll_up() self._cursor_row = self._rows - 1 self._cursor_col = 0 self._pending_scroll = False start = i space_left = self._cols - self._cursor_col while i < n and text[i] not in ('\n', '\r', '\b') and (i - start) < space_left: i += 1 chunk = text[start:i] self._write_chunk(chunk) def input(self, prompt="", echo=True, mask=None) -> str: """ Emulate Python `input()` statement on the display using the Keypad. Prints `prompt` inline, displays a visual cursor, and reads keystrokes from the Keypad until `#` (Enter) is pressed. The `*` key functions as Backspace. Only returns when Enter is pressed. Additionally, seeds Python's `random` module with the elapsed time (delay in milliseconds) between rendering the prompt and receiving the user's first keystroke, providing human-reaction entropy for environments (such as simulators) lacking hardware random number sources. Parameters: ---------- prompt : str, optional Prompt string displayed before user input (default: ""). echo : bool, optional Whether to display typed characters on screen (default: True). mask : str, optional If specified, display this character instead of typed keys (e.g. '*' for PIN entry). Examples: --------- 1. Prompt for user PIN: ```python pin = term.input("Enter PIN: ") ``` 2. Prompt with masked characters: ```python password = term.input("Pass: ", mask="*") ``` """ prev_log_level = Log.level Log.level = NONE try: if prompt: self.print(prompt, end='') prompt_time = self._get_ticks_ms() first_key_received = False entered_chars = [] self._show_cursor() # Fallback if no hardware keypad is configured if self._keypad is None: self._hide_cursor() try: user_val = sys.stdin.readline().strip() except Exception: user_val = "" now = self._get_ticks_ms() delay = self._ticks_diff(now, prompt_time) random.seed(delay) self._last_seed_delay = delay self.print(user_val) return user_val while True: key = self._keypad.scanKey() if key is not None: if not first_key_received: now = self._get_ticks_ms() delay = self._ticks_diff(now, prompt_time) random.seed(delay) self._last_seed_delay = delay first_key_received = True if key == '#': # Enter self._hide_cursor() self.print("") # Advance to next line result = "".join(entered_chars) return result elif key == '*': # Backspace if len(entered_chars) > 0: entered_chars.pop() self._hide_cursor() self._backspace() self._show_cursor() else: # Printable character ('0'-'9', 'A'-'D') entered_chars.append(key) self._hide_cursor() if echo: char_to_show = mask if mask is not None else key self.print(char_to_show, end='') self._show_cursor() self._sleep_ms(20) except Exception: self._hide_cursor() raise finally: Log.level = prev_log_level def scroll_up(self): """ Manually scroll display contents up by one row. Examples: --------- 1. Scroll terminal: ```python term.scroll_up() ``` """ self._pending_scroll = False self._scroll_up() def scroll_down(self): """ Manually scroll display contents down by one row, restoring the previous line from history. Examples: --------- 1. Scroll back down: ```python term.scroll_down() ``` """ self._pending_scroll = False self._scroll_down() # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Internal helpers # ------------------------------------------------------------------------- def _get_ticks_ms(self) -> int: """Get current timestamp in milliseconds across MicroPython / CPython.""" try: import utime if hasattr(utime, 'ticks_ms'): return utime.ticks_ms() except (ImportError, AttributeError): pass import time if hasattr(time, 'ticks_ms'): return time.ticks_ms() return int(time.time() * 1000) def _ticks_diff(self, t1: int, t2: int) -> int: """Calculate elapsed ticks between t1 and t2 handling rollover.""" try: import utime if hasattr(utime, 'ticks_diff'): return utime.ticks_diff(t1, t2) except (ImportError, AttributeError): pass return t1 - t2 def _sleep_ms(self, ms: int): """Sleep for a specified number of milliseconds across MicroPython / CPython.""" try: import utime utime.sleep_ms(ms) except (ImportError, AttributeError): import time time.sleep(ms / 1000.0) def _write_chunk(self, chunk: str): """Write a string chunk to current row and update display.""" if not chunk: return r = self._cursor_row c = self._cursor_col space_left = self._cols - c to_write = chunk[:space_left] line = self._screen[r] self._screen[r] = line[:c] + to_write + line[c + len(to_write):] if self._display: try: self._display.showText(to_write, row=r, col=c) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: showText failed at ({r},{c}): {e}") self._cursor_col += len(to_write) def _newline(self): """Advance cursor to start of next row, deferring vertical scroll if at bottom row.""" self._cursor_col = 0 if self._cursor_row < self._rows - 1: self._cursor_row += 1 self._pending_scroll = False else: self._pending_scroll = True def _scroll_up(self): """Scroll display buffer up by one row, clearing bottom line.""" Log.d("TerminalEmulator: scrolling up") if self._rows > 0: self._history.append(self._screen[0]) for r in range(self._rows - 1): self._screen[r] = self._screen[r + 1] if self._display: try: self._display.showText(self._screen[r], row=r, col=0) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: showText failed during scroll: {e}") self._screen[self._rows - 1] = " " * self._cols if self._display: try: self._display.showText(self._screen[self._rows - 1], row=self._rows - 1, col=0) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: showText failed clearing line: {e}") def _scroll_down(self): """Scroll display buffer down by one row from history, if available.""" if not self._history: return Log.d("TerminalEmulator: scrolling down from history") prev_line = self._history.pop() self._screen.insert(0, prev_line) self._screen.pop() self._refresh() def _backspace(self): """Move cursor back one position and clear the character.""" self._pending_scroll = False if self._cursor_col > 0: self._cursor_col -= 1 elif self._cursor_row > 0: self._cursor_row -= 1 self._cursor_col = self._cols - 1 elif len(self._history) > 0: self._scroll_down() self._cursor_row = 0 self._cursor_col = self._cols - 1 else: return r = self._cursor_row c = self._cursor_col line = self._screen[r] self._screen[r] = line[:c] + ' ' + line[c + 1:] if self._display: try: self._display.showText(' ', row=r, col=c) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: showText failed on backspace: {e}") def _refresh(self): """Redraw all rows on the physical display from buffer.""" if self._display: for r in range(self._rows): try: self._display.showText(self._screen[r], row=r, col=0) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: display refresh failed on row {r}: {e}") def _show_cursor(self): """Render active cursor at current position.""" if self._pending_scroll: self._scroll_up() self._cursor_row = self._rows - 1 self._cursor_col = 0 self._pending_scroll = False if self._cursor_char and self._display: r = self._cursor_row c = self._cursor_col if c >= self._cols: if r < self._rows - 1: r += 1 c = 0 else: c = self._cols - 1 try: self._display.showText(self._cursor_char, row=r, col=c) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: cursor show failed: {e}") def _hide_cursor(self): """Restore screen character at cursor location.""" if self._cursor_char and self._display: r = self._cursor_row c = self._cursor_col if c >= self._cols: if r < self._rows - 1: r += 1 c = 0 else: c = self._cols - 1 char_to_restore = self._screen[r][c] if r < self._rows and c < self._cols else ' ' try: self._display.showText(char_to_restore, row=r, col=c) except Exception as e: Log.w(f"TerminalEmulator: cursor hide failed: {e}") # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Self-contained verification / test execution block # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- if __name__ == "__main__": Log.i("Starting TerminalEmulator self-contained verification tests...") # Mock Display for environment verification class MockDisplay: def __init__(self, rows=2, cols=16): self.rows = rows self.cols = cols self.lines = [" " * cols for _ in range(rows)] def reset(self): self.lines = [" " * self.cols for _ in range(self.rows)] def clear(self, line=-1): if line < 0 or line >= self.rows: self.reset() else: self.lines[line] = " " * self.cols def showText(self, text, row=0, col=0): if 0 <= row < self.rows: line = self.lines[row] new_line = line[:col] + text + line[col + len(text):] self.lines[row] = new_line[:self.cols] # Mock Keypad simulating button presses class MockKeypad: def __init__(self, sequence=None): self.sequence = list(sequence or []) def scanKey(self, delay=250): if self.sequence: return self.sequence.pop(0) return None # Test 1: Basic print and line wrapping mock_display = MockDisplay(rows=2, cols=16) mock_keypad = MockKeypad() term = TerminalEmulator(display=mock_display, keypad=mock_keypad, rows=2, cols=16) term.print("Hello Pico!") assert term.get_line(0).startswith("Hello Pico!"), f"Expected 'Hello Pico!', got '{term.get_line(0)}'" assert term.cursor_position == (1, 0), f"Expected cursor at (1, 0), got {term.cursor_position}" Log.i("Test 1 passed: Basic print and cursor positioning") # Test 2: Vertical scrolling term.print("Line 2") assert term.get_line(1).startswith("Line 2"), f"Expected 'Line 2' on row 1, got '{term.get_line(1)}'" term.print("Line 3") # After printing Line 3, screen should have scrolled: row 0 has Line 2, row 1 has Line 3 assert term.get_line(0).startswith("Line 2"), f"Expected row 0 'Line 2', got '{term.get_line(0)}'" assert term.get_line(1).startswith("Line 3"), f"Expected row 1 'Line 3', got '{term.get_line(1)}'" Log.i("Test 2 passed: 2-line vertical scrolling") # Test 3: Horizontal line wrapping (character wrap over 16 cols) term.clear() term.print("1234567890123456ABCD") assert term.get_line(0) == "1234567890123456", f"Row 0 mismatch: '{term.get_line(0)}'" assert term.get_line(1).startswith("ABCD"), f"Row 1 mismatch: '{term.get_line(1)}'" Log.i("Test 3 passed: Line wrapping across column boundaries") # Test 4: Custom separator and end parameter term.clear() term.print("A", "B", "C", sep="-", end="") assert term.get_line(0).startswith("A-B-C"), f"Expected 'A-B-C', got '{term.get_line(0)}'" assert term.cursor_position == (0, 5), f"Expected cursor at (0, 5), got {term.cursor_position}" term.print("!") assert term.get_line(0).startswith("A-B-C!"), f"Expected 'A-B-C!', got '{term.get_line(0)}'" Log.i("Test 4 passed: Print with sep and end parameters") # Test 5: Interactive input emulation with backspace (*) and enter (#) term.clear() # Key sequence: '1', '2', '3', 'A' (accidental), '*' (backspace A), '4', '#' (enter) mock_keypad.sequence = ['1', '2', '3', 'A', '*', '4', '#'] result = term.input("PIN:") assert result == "1234", f"Expected input '1234', got '{result}'" assert term.get_line(0).startswith("PIN:1234"), f"Display mismatch: '{term.get_line(0)}'" Log.i("Test 5 passed: Keypad input emulation with backspace and enter") # Test 6: Input with character masking (e.g. password PIN) mock_keypad.sequence = ['9', '8', '7', '#'] masked_result = term.input("Code:", mask="*") assert masked_result == "987", f"Expected '987', got '{masked_result}'" assert term.get_line(1).startswith("Code:***"), f"Masked mismatch: '{term.get_line(1)}'" Log.i("Test 6 passed: Masked input for secure credentials") # Test 7: Default constructor behavior without crashing dummy_term = TerminalEmulator(display=None, keypad=None) assert dummy_term.rows == 2 and dummy_term.cols == 16 Log.i("Test 7 passed: Graceful default hardware handling") # Test 8: Backspace across row boundaries term.clear() term.print("012345678901234", end="") # 15 chars on row 0 # types 'A' (fills row 0), 'B' (wraps to row 1), then backspaces 'B', backspaces 'A', then enters '#' mock_keypad.sequence = ['A', 'B', '*', '*', '#'] backspace_res = term.input() assert backspace_res == "", f"Expected empty result, got '{backspace_res}'" Log.i("Test 8 passed: Backspace across line boundary") # Test 9: Log level suppression and restoration Log.level = INFO class LoggingCheckKeypad: def __init__(self): self.keys = ['1', '#'] self.observed_level = None def scanKey(self, delay=250): self.observed_level = Log.level if self.keys: return self.keys.pop(0) return None check_keypad = LoggingCheckKeypad() term_log_test = TerminalEmulator(display=mock_display, keypad=check_keypad, rows=2, cols=16) res = term_log_test.input() assert res == "1" assert check_keypad.observed_level == NONE, f"Expected NONE during input, got {check_keypad.observed_level}" assert Log.level == INFO, f"Expected INFO restored after input, got {Log.level}" # Also verify restoration when exception is raised class ErrorKeypad: def scanKey(self, delay=250): raise RuntimeError("Keypad fault") term_err_test = TerminalEmulator(display=mock_display, keypad=ErrorKeypad(), rows=2, cols=16) try: term_err_test.input() assert False, "Should have raised exception" except RuntimeError: pass assert Log.level == INFO, f"Expected INFO restored after exception, got {Log.level}" Log.i("Test 9 passed: Log level saved, set to NONE during input, and restored on return/exception") # Test 10: Verify random is seeded with input response delay class TimedKeypad: def __init__(self, delay_ms=10): self.delay_ms = delay_ms self.called = False def scanKey(self, delay=250): if not self.called: import time time.sleep(self.delay_ms / 1000.0) self.called = True return '#' return None timed_keypad = TimedKeypad(delay_ms=25) term_rand_test = TerminalEmulator(display=mock_display, keypad=timed_keypad, rows=2, cols=16) term_rand_test.input("Seed test:") assert term_rand_test.last_seed_delay is not None assert term_rand_test.last_seed_delay >= 20, f"Expected seed delay >= 20ms, got {term_rand_test.last_seed_delay}" rand_sample = random.randint(1, 1000) assert 1 <= rand_sample <= 1000 Log.i(f"Test 10 passed: random seeded with prompt-to-first-key delay ({term_rand_test.last_seed_delay} ms)") Log.i("Testing complete - all checks passed") b:["$","$L52",null,{"project":{"name":"ISM3230Lab9","id":"477968178552856577","files":[{"name":"main.py","content":"import time\ntime.sleep(0.1) # 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